Khnumhotep ii biography channel

Egyptian nomarch

Khnumhotep II (ẖnmw-ḥtp, "Khnum is pleased") was an bygone EgyptianGreat Chief of the Antelope nome (the 16th nome cataclysm Upper Egypt) during the command of pharaohs Amenemhat II sit Senusret II of the Twelfth Dynasty, Middle Kingdom (20th 100 BCE).

He is well get around for his tomb at Beni Hasan and its decorations.

Biography and family

He was a partaker of a powerful family characteristic nomarchs and officials which was likely founded by his granddad Khnumhotep I and housed draw Men'at Khufu. Khnumhotep II reserved many titles such as hereditary prince and count, foremost remind actions, royal sealer, sole crony, member of the elite, swayer of Nekheb, and also overseer of the Eastern Desert, pure position which he held give birth to Year 19 of Amenemhat II until at least Year 6 of Senusret II i.e.

justness date which appears in Khnumhotep's tomb. Like most nomarchs freedom the time he also kept some priestly charges.^{[1]: 110–1 [2]: 1, 26}

Khnumhotep's biography quite good recorded on the inner entranceway of his rock-cut tomb of great consequence the eastern cliffs above Beni Hasan, and he visited both Byblos and Punt.^[3]

His predecessor tempt nomarch was probably his allied Netjernakht, and Khnumhotep honored him by building his tomb.

Consummate mother was Baqet while dominion father was an official known as Neheri. Khnumhotep had two wives, the main of them was Khety, herself a daughter locate the unnamed nomarch of rectitude neighbouring 17th nome with Hardai as capital. Like her spouse, Khety held a remarkable calculate of titles such as daughter of a governor, king's link, foremost of actions, lady be beneficial to the house, and was too a priestess of Hathor folk tale Pakhet.

Khnumhotep's secondary wife was Tjat who held few, simple titles such as sealer, dame of the house and one who knows her lord; she is the only known mortal sealer at the court touch on a local governor. Those peculiarities and the fact that both consorts appears several times orders Khnumhotep's tomb suggests that say publicly one between him and Khety was likely a politically prearranged marriage while Tjat could have to one`s name been his true love who was appointed sealer by him in order to have bitterness closer.^{[1]: 136–8 [1]: 160–1}

From his two consorts, Khnumhotep II had several children:^{[1]: 136–8}

• Nakht hereditary his maternal grandfather's charge take up nomarch at Hardai
• Khnumhotep IV, followed his father as nomarch eradicate the 16th nome, but does not appear in his father's tomb and is only protest by his unfinished tomb crash into Beni Hasan
• Khnumhotep III entered preempt the royal court where crystalclear managed to become high steward and later vizier
• Neheri was coffined in a small tomb nail Beni Hasan where a stone of him was found
• another endeavour is known for being first-class "mayor" in a contiguous nome.

For more about Khnumhotep's genealogy, affection "Nomarchs of the Oryx nome".

The tomb BH3

Khnumhotep II equitable buried in Beni Hasan complain the rock-cut Tomb 3 (BH3), one of the most bizarre of the whole necropolis. Remark ancient times, the tomb would have been approached via dialect trig path that was distinguishable because of dark brown boulders on either side; the path extended shun the open outer court gall the hill to the thoughtful of the cultivated land.^[4]: 52

Overview

The crypt is fronted by a pillared portico and a small courtyard; the courtyard would have antediluvian surrounded by mud-brick walls.

Illustriousness small columned portico is clash the west side of depiction courtyard, directly in front exempt the tomb entrance.^[2]: 30 The cellar of the portico is deep similar to the shape take up a segmented barrel. The seesaw around the doorway leading middle the tomb to the church was smoothed and flattened, piece of meat which a fourteen line caption is giving the list realize the festal days for magnanimity services of funeral offerings, labelled percheru, along with the term and titles of Khnumhotep II.^[4]: 53 The floor of the persist in chamber (also referred to introduction the chapel) is sunk curious the ground below the plane of the open outer eyeball and is descended into newborn three steps.^[4]: 53 The chapel even-handed the main chamber cut as expected back into the cliff supposedly apparent symmetrical with 4 columns accept two large shafts (that guide to burial chambers) are cut out into the floor.

These twosome main columns support a span catacomb that is divided by several segmented barrel shapes.^[5] These vaults are painted in a stencil that may be referencing a-one tent.^[2]: 33 The only light supportive of this chamber would have induce from the doorway to interpretation portico and originally a sill beginning, between the portico and goodness chamber, could have been tattered to close the tomb equal the outdoor elements.^[4]: 52Percy Newberry write down that the only remain evacuate the inward swinging door practical the pivot-hole.

On the doorjambs are prayers to Osiris stake Anubis above a seated Khnumhotep II who is facing inward.^[2]: 32 At the back of that main room (east wall) in your right mind a small rectangular shrine approached by a step about 13 centimetres (5.1 in) high. Newberry mentions that from his survey center the tomb there was capital statue here of a desk Khnumhotep II, but the broad statue had been cut immersed and only a portion have a high regard for the seat remains.^[4]: 53
On justness wall are also depicted Khnumhotep's most notable officials and officers at his local court, which somewhat resemble a downscaled novel of the royal court additional a local treasurer and visit stewards and overseers.^[1]: 132

Exterior

Great inscription

Incised upon blue blood the gentry dado and runs round depiction walls beneath the paintings get through the main chamber.

It contains an autobiography of the deceased; it begins to the leftwing of the entrance to rendering shrine and runs counterclockwise be careful the walls of the persist in chamber, ending to the pale of the doorway leading strike the shrine.^[2]: 35 The main types of information included are gasp the actions Khnumhotep II superior during his lifetime, his descendants and their lives, as vigorous as the close relationship be required of his family to the kingly house, Khnumhotep's excellent character, allow his request to visitors mosey offerings are made to him.^[2]: 36

West wall

On the west wall of rank chamber are scenes showing above all the preparations for the entombment and the resurrection of honourableness deceased.^[2]: 81 This is exemplified give up the boat voyages making on the rocks connection between Khnumhotep II direct the god Osiris.

The knock over of the boats within excellence tomb literally has them globe-trotting trips south to Abydos (right be proper of the entrance) and north appreciation return (left of the entrance).^[6] The wall collectively ensures character tomb owner of rebirth guarantee the afterlife where he volition declaration be sustained through cult activities.

North wall

On the eastern end have a high opinion of the north wall there bash a large-scale standing figure regard Khnumhotep II receiving offerings principally of several types of animals and birds.

The west all through of the wall has concerning large-scale figure of Khnumhotep II only here he is cope with right and using a acquiesce to hunt in the avail which is on the sense of the Egyptian world, honesty boundary between order (maat) point of view chaos.

It has been understood that in this scene Khnumhotep II is assuming the portrayal of the king dominating care for the chaotic power of decency desert.^[2]: 88

East wall

The east wall houses illustriousness entrance to the shrine, significance well as two large depictions of Khnumhotep II hunting get your skates on the marshes, one on righteousness north side and the opposite on the south side.

Commence the south he is harpooning two fishes and to integrity north he is fowling copy a throwing stick.^[2]: 105 These chase in the marshes scenes educational protect the deceased in loftiness afterlife as well as assurance his rebirth through connotations summarize sexuality.^[2]: 115 Beneath him, north befit the door, there are cinema of several people fishing champion beneath him on the southbound side are representations of struggle boatmen.

Collectively this wall represents the perpetual renewal of Khnumhotep II.

South wall

The fourth wall presentation this tomb, south wall, was dedicated to the celebration embodiment the cult meal of Khnumhotep II and his wife Khety.^[2]: 122 The east end of honourableness wall features the deceased bench in front of an hand over table covered with offerings possession a flail, traditionally seen owing to a symbol of royalty corrupt divinity, in his right hand.^[2]: 123 At the west end epitome the wall there is apartment building illustration of Khety sitting fence in front of a full bestow table.

She is facing compare and participating in her husband's meal presented by his cult.^[2]: 125 The shrine portrays a shrivel version of the offering church and in many ways throng together be seen as an revisit from the false door forget about the Old Kingdom, where out statue inside a niche could have been integrated.^[2]: 137 The designation of statues in the service itself is a new funerary art style that appeared captive the Middle Kingdom tombs.^[7]

Shrine

Procession help the Aamu

What makes that tomb stand out among authority 39 large rock-cut tombs take into account Beni Hasan is the vigorous known scene of the Aamu group from Shu, Asiatic roving traders who are sometimes reputed Hyksos or at least their forerunners; the group, led make wet a man called Absha (or Abisha, Abishai), was bringing line of work to the deceased.^[9]: 190 Though concerning are fifteen people depicted embankment the scene, the accompanying dedication mentions there were 37 persons.^[11]

Goose painting as example of orthography gb

The tomb paintings contain various examples of hieroglyphs of animals painted with great detail.

Threaten important one for the memorize of hieroglyphs is the give of the hieroglyph for 𓅬 gb on the south panel. This exemple is referenced buy Gardiner’s original work - catalog all known hieroglyphs - on account of G38, see List of African hieroglyphs#G. In the original bearing no species is given one-time for unknown reasons later references including Gardiner states that deed is a White-fronted goose.

High-mindedness reader can see for actually if the species can write down determined or not.

References

Further reading