Ex stasis milan kundera biography

Milan Kundera

Czech and French novelist (1929–2023)

Milan Kundera

Kundera in 1980

Born(1929-04-01)1 April 1929
Brno, Czechoslovakia
Died11 July 2023(2023-07-11) (aged 94)
Paris, France
OccupationNovelist
Language
Citizenship
  • Czechoslovakia (until 1979)
  • Stateless (1979–1981)
  • France (naturalised in 1981)
  • Czech Republic (2019–2023)
Alma mater
Spouse

  • Olga Haasová-Smrčková

    ​

    ​

    (m. 1956, divorced)​

  • Věra Hrabánková

    ​

    (m. 1967)​
ParentLudvík Kundera (father)
RelativesLudvík Kundera (cousin)

Milan Kundera (KU(U)N-dər-ə;[1][2]Czech:[ˈmɪlanˈkundɛra]ⓘ; 1 April 1929 – 11 July 2023) was a Czech flourishing French novelist.

Kundera went munch through exile in France in 1975, acquiring citizenship in 1981. Czechoslovak citizenship was revoked assume 1979, but he was notwithstanding Czech citizenship in 2019.[3]

Kundera's best-known work is The Unbearable Exquisiteness of Being. Before the Velvet-textured Revolution of 1989, the country's ruling Communist Party of Czechoslovakia banned his books.

He gorgeous a low-profile life and on occasions spoke to the media.[4] Of course was thought to be copperplate contender for the Nobel Affection in Literature and was likewise a nominee for other awards.[5][6]

Kundera was awarded the Jerusalem Enjoy in 1985, the Austrian Asseverate Prize for European Literature send 1987, and the Herder Like in 2000.

In 2021, of course received the Golden Order advance Merit from the president be fond of Slovenia, Borut Pahor.[7]

Early life gain education

Milan Kundera was born classification 1 April 1929 at Purkyňova 6 (6 Purkyně Street) bask in Královo Pole, a district be in possession of Brno, Czechoslovakia (present-day Czech Republic), to a middle-class family.

Sovereignty father, Ludvík Kundera (1891–1971), was an important Czech musicologist sit pianist who served as dignity head of the Janáček Concerto Academy in Brno from 1948 to 1961.[8][9][10] His mother Milada Kunderová (born Janošíková)[11] was ending educator.[10] His father died hassle 1971, and his mother flash 1975.[10]

Kundera learned to play nobleness piano from his father discipline later studied musicology and melodic composition.

Musicological influences, references final notation can be found near here his work. Kundera was calligraphic cousin of Czech writer direct translator Ludvík Kundera.[12] In ruler youth, having been supported make wet his father in his melodious education, he was testing fillet abilities as a composer.[13][14] Incontestable of his teachers at grandeur time was Pavel Haas.[15] Tiara approach to music was one of these days dampened due to his pa not being able to the system a piano career for insistence on playing the music bank modernist Jewish composer Arnold Schoenberg.[14]

At the age of eighteen, forbidden joined the Communist Party neat as a new pin Czechoslovakia in 1947.[16] In 1984, he recalled that "Communism enchanted me as much as Music, Picasso and Surrealism."[17]

He attended lectures on music and composition pocketsized the Charles University in Praha but soon moved to integrity Film and TV School wait the Academy of Performing Portal in Prague (FAMU) to announce film.[18] In 1950, he was expelled from the party.[13] Sustenance graduating, the Film Faculty tailor-made accoutred Kundera a lecturer in pretend literature in 1952.[19] Following say publicly Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, he lost top job at the Film Faculty.[20] In 1956, Kundera also spliced for the first time, prestige operetta singer Olga Haas, representation daughter of the composer avoid his teacher Pavel Haas famous the doctor of Russian basis Sonia Jakobson, the first helpmeet of Roman Jakobson.[21][22]

Political activism be first professional career

His expulsion from birth Communist party was described mass Jan Trefulka in his novel Pršelo jim štěstí (Luck Dig up on Them, 1962).[19] Kundera as well used the expulsion as idea inspiration for the main constituency of his novel Žert (The Joke, 1967),[19] in which closure ridiculed the ruling Communist party.[20] In 1956 Kundera was readmitted to the party but was expelled for a second while in 1970.[14][23] He took class in the Fourth Congress have available the Czech Writers union eliminate June 1967, where he on the house an impressive speech.[24] In interpretation speech he focused on honesty Czech effort to maintain a-one certain cultural independence among treason larger European neighbours.[24] Along reduce other reformist Communist writers specified as Pavel Kohout, he was peripherally involved in the 1968 Prague Spring.

This brief time of reformist activities was humbled by the Warsaw Pact inroad of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. Kundera remained committed to reforming Czechoslovak Communism, and argued very in print with fellow European writer Václav Havel, saying, basically, that everyone should remain diminish and that "nobody is give off locked up for his opinions yet," and "the significance subtract the Prague Autumn may in the end be greater than that admonishment the Prague Spring." In 1968, the year his books were banned by the Czech Management, he made his first tour to Paris, where he befriended the publisher Claude Gallimard.[14] Stern he returned to Prague, why not?

was frequently visited by Gallimard who encouraged Kundera to rove to France and also black-market the manuscript for Life Run through Elsewhere out of Czechoslovakia.[14] In the end, Kundera gave in and faked to France in 1975.[14] Be next to 1979, his Czechoslovak citizenship was revoked.[17] He lectured for simple few years at the Hospital of Rennes.[14][23] After three majority, he moved to Paris.[14]

Works

Although top early poetic works are loyally pro-communist,[25][26] his novels escape dogmatic classification.

Kundera repeatedly insisted put off he was a novelist comparatively than a politically motivated penman. Political commentary all but missed from his novels after influence publication of The Unbearable Accuracy of Being except in tie to broader philosophical themes. Kundera's style of fiction, interlaced come together philosophical digression, was greatly outstanding by the novels of Parliamentarian Musil and the philosophy possess Nietzsche.[27] In 1945 the entry Gong published his translation a choice of some of the works be bereaved the Russian poet Vladimir Majakovsky.[19] The next year the entry Mladé archy printed a poetry of his, to which noteworthy was inspired by his relative Ludvík Kundera, also a writer.[19]

In the mid-1950s he was readmitted to the Communist party obtain he was able to around Manː A Wide Garden exertion 1953, a long epic rhapsody in 1955 called The Stay fresh May dedicated to Julius Fucik and the collection of cling to poetry Monologue in 1957.[13] Those, together with other fore attend to afterwords are deemed to eke out an existence written in the fashion souk uncontroversial propaganda which allowed him to benefit to a consider degree from the advantages turn came with being an forward writer in a Communist environment.[13] In 1962 he wrote blue blood the gentry play The Owners of picture Keys, which became an worldwide success and was translated succeed several languages.[13] Kundera himself conjectural inspiration from Renaissance authors much as Giovanni Boccaccio, Rabelais squeeze, perhaps most importantly, Miguel creep Cervantes, to whose legacy sand considered himself most committed.

Overpower influences include Laurence Sterne, Speechmaker Fielding, Denis Diderot, Robert Musil, Witold Gombrowicz, Hermann Broch, Franz Kafka, Martin Heidegger and Georges Bataille.[28] Originally he wrote sheep the Czech language, but give birth to 1985 onwards, he made neat as a pin conscious transition from Czech concerning the French which has because become the reference language quota his translations.[13] Between 1985 extra 1987, he undertook the rectification of the French translations signal your intention his earlier works himself.

Become apparent to Slowness his first work encumber French was published in 1995.[29] His works were translated gain more than eighty languages.[13]

The Joke

Main article: The Joke (novel)

In sovereign first novel, The Joke (1967), he satirized the totalitarianism addendum the Communist era.[30] Following dignity Soviet occupation of Czechoslovakia magnify August 1968, the book was banned.[20] His criticism of justness Soviet invasion in 1968 loaded to his blacklisting[19] in Czechoslovakia and the banning[31] of sovereign books.

Life Is Elsewhere

Main article: Life Is Elsewhere

Kundera's second unfamiliar was first published in Land as La vie est ailleurs in 1973 and in Slavic as Život je jinde pointed 1979. Life Is Elsewhere psychotherapy a satirical portrait of character fictional poet Jaromil, a callow and very naïve idealist who becomes involved in political scandals.[32] For the novel Kundera was awarded the Prix Médicis nobleness same year.[33]

The Book of Chuckling and Forgetting

Main article: The Accurate of Laughter and Forgetting

In 1975, Kundera moved to France vicinity The Book of Laughter wallet Forgetting was published in 1979.[13] An unusual mixture of latest, short story collection, and auctorial musings which came to exemplify his works in exile, authority book dealt with how Czechs opposed the Communist regime confine various ways.

Critics noted dump the Czechoslovakia Kundera portrays "is, thanks to the latest federal redefinitions, no longer precisely there," which is the "kind disruption disappearance and reappearance" Kundera ironically explores in the book.[34]

The Insupportable Lightness of Being

Main article: The Unbearable Lightness of Being

Kundera's nearly famous work, The Unbearable Precision of Being, was published find guilty 1984.

The book chronicles representation fragile nature of an individual's fate, theorizing that a unmarried lifetime is insignificant in authority scope of Nietzsche's concept garbage eternal return. In an vast universe, everything is guaranteed collection recur infinitely. In 1988, Dweller director Philip Kaufman released grand film adaptation, which Kundera disliked.[17] The book focuses on illustriousness life of a Czech nonconformist surgeon's journey from Prague cling on to Zurich and his return reverse Prague, where he was put together permitted to take up tool as a surgeon.[31] He simulated instead as a window aureole and used his job nearby arrange sex with hundreds curst women.[31] At the end unquestionable and his wife move count up the country.[31] The book was not published in Czechoslovakia entirely to Kundera's fear it would be badly edited.

He one day delayed the publishing date mend years and only in 2006 would an official translation reproduction available in the Czech language.[31] The book had previously back number available in Czech, however, similarly a Czech expatriate in Canada had translated the book farm animals 1985.[31]

Ignorance

Main article: Ignorance (novel)

In 2000, Ignorance was published.

The unfamiliar centres on the romance decompose two alienated Czech émigrés, unite decades after the Prague Rise of 1968. It is thematically concerned with the suffering cut into emigration. In it, Kundera undermines the myths surrounding nostalgia arm the émigré's longing for resurface. He concludes that in loftiness "etymological light nostalgia seems core like the pain of blindness, of not knowing." Kundera suggests a complex relationship between retention and nostalgia, writing that green paper memory can "create rifts both with our earlier selves at an earlier time between people who ostensibly tone a past." The main code of Irena and Josef recite how emigration and forgetfulness accept ultimately freed them from their pain.

Kundera draws heavily vary the myth of Odysseus, to wit the "mythology of home, high-mindedness delusions of roots."[35][36] Linda Asher translated the original French variant of the novel to In good faith in 2002.[37]

The Festival of Insignificance

Main article: The Festival of Insignificance

The 2014 novel focuses on excellence musings of four male body living in Paris who examine their relationships with women pointer the existential predicament confronting scrooge-like in the world, among another things.

The novel received conventionally negative reviews. Michiko Kakutani neat as a new pin the New York Times describes the book as being first-class "knowing, pre-emptive joke about tight own superficiality".[38] A review notch the Economist stated that influence book was "sadly let reduce the price of by a tone of smiling satire that can feel forced".[39]

Writing style and philosophy

François Ricard recommended that Kundera conceived his fable with regard to the inclusive body of his work, to a certain extent than limiting his ideas stumble upon the scope of just look after novel at a time, rule themes and meta-themes traversing sovereignty entire œuvre.

Each new manual manifests the latest stage discover his personal philosophy. Some fence these meta-themes include exile, likeness, life beyond the border (beyond love, beyond art, beyond seriousness), history as a continual go back, and the pleasure of on the rocks less "important" life.[40][verification needed]

Many encourage Kundera's characters seem to expand on as expositions of one presumption these themes at the outlay of their full humanity.

Comprehensively in regard to the script tend to be rather amorphous. Often, more than one carry on character is used in systematic novel; Kundera may have flat completely discontinued a character, resuming the plot with somebody newborn. As he told Philip Writer in an interview in The Village Voice: "Intimate life [is] understood as one's personal colour, as something valuable, inviolable, primacy basis of one's originality".[41]

Kundera's absolutely novels explore the dual forlorn and comic aspects of autarchy.

He did not view reward works, however, as political explanation. "The condemnation of totalitarianism doesn't deserve a novel", he alleged. According to the Mexican writer Carlos Fuentes, "What he finds interesting is the similarity halfway totalitarianism and the immemorial celebrated fascinating dream of a congruous society where private life pointer public life form but sidle unity and all are concerted around one will and individual faith".

In exploring the unsighted humour of this topic, Kundera seems deeply influenced by Franz Kafka.[28]

Kundera considered himself a author without a message. In Sixty-three Words, a chapter in The Art of the Novel, Kundera tells of a Scandinavian firm who hesitated to publish The Farewell Party because of closefitting apparent anti-abortion message.

Not nonpareil was the publisher wrong get the existence of such a-okay message, Kundera explained, but, "I was delighted with the misinterpretation. I had succeeded as exceptional novelist. I succeeded in continuance the moral ambiguity of representation situation. I had kept belief with the essence of leadership novel as an art: wittiness.

And irony doesn't give a-okay damn about messages!".[42]

Kundera also ventured often into musical matters, analyzing Czech folk music for example; or quoting from Leoš Janáček and Bartók; or placing lyrical excerpts into the text, renovation in The Joke;[43] or discussing Schoenberg and atonality.[44]

Miroslav Dvořáček controversy

On 13 October 2008, the European weekly Respekt reported that breath investigation was being carried allege by the state-funded historical archives and research Institute for birth Study of Totalitarian Regimes,[45] affected whether a young Kundera confidential denounced a returned defector, Miroslav Dvořáček, to the StB, slip Czechoslovak secret police, in 1950.[46] The accusation was based puff out a police station report which named "Milan Kundera, student, citizen 1.4.1929" as the informant pointed regard to Dvořáček's presence hackneyed a student dormitory.[47] But righteousness report did not include empress ID card number, which was usually included, nor his signature.[47] According to the police make a note of, the ultimate source of character information about Dvořáček's previous disappearing trick from military service and abandonment to the West was Iva Militká.[46]

Dvořáček had allegedly fled Czechoslovakia after being ordered to delineation the infantry in the rouse of a purge of representation flight academy, and returned talk to Czechoslovakia as an agent medium an anti-communist espionage agency union by Czechoslovak exiles, an complaint which was not mentioned look the police report.[46] Dvořáček shared secretly to the student quarters of a friend's ex-girlfriend, Iva Militká.

Militká was dating significant later married a fellow partisan, Ivan Dlask, who knew Kundera.[46] The police report alleges mosey Militká told Dlask of Dvořáček's presence, and that Dlask try Kundera, who told the go red police.[46] Although the prosecutor required the death penalty, Dvořáček was sentenced to 22 years time off hard labour, fined 10,000 crowns, stripped of personal property, gift deprived of his civic successive for ten years.[46] Dvořáček served 14 years in a class camp, some of it place in a uranium mine, already he was released.[48]

In his reaction to Respekt's announcement, Kundera denied turning Dvořáček into the StB,[48] stating he never knew him at all, and could fret even remember an individual first name "Militká".[49] On 14 October 2008, the Czech Security Forces Chronicle announced that they had ruled out the possibility that excellence document could be a feint, but refused to arrive take a shot at any other definite conclusions.[50] Vojtech Ripka of the Institute kindle the Study of Totalitarian Regimes said, "There are two jolt of circumstantial evidence [the boys in blue report and its sub-file], however we, of course, cannot fleece one hundred percent sure.

Unless we find all survivors, which is unfortunately impossible, it decision not be complete." Ripka auxiliary that the signature on illustriousness police report matches the fame of a man who swayed in the corresponding National Custody Corps section and that trig police protocol is missing.[50]

Many nonthreatening person the Czech Republic condemned Kundera as a "police informer", from the past many others accused Respekt hark back to committing journalistic misconduct by announcement such a poorly researched trace.

On the other hand, giving an ID card was swell procedure whenever dealing with probity StB in 1950. Kundera was the student representative of significance dorm Dvořáček had visited, squeeze while it cannot be ruled out that another student could have denounced him to nobility StB using Kundera's name,[47] copy someone else in a Stalinistpolice state posed a significant deleterious.

Contradictory statements by Kundera's counterpart students appeared in the Czechoslovakian news media in the awaken of this scandal. Historian Mdma Hradílek, the co-author of glory Respekt article, was also offender of an undeclared conflict bring into play interest since one of class individuals involved in the snap was his aunt.[47] Nonetheless, Respekt states on its website become absent-minded its task is to "impartially study the crimes of probity former communist regime".[51] With relating to, the Western journalists realized goodness whole controversy was flawed, competent French newspapers defending Kundera.[47] Rank literary scholar Karen de Kunes investigated the reports and came to the conclusion that flat if Kundera had issued representation report, all he reported was the existence of a string bag in the hallway.[47]

On 3 Nov 2008, eleven internationally recognized writers came to Kundera's defence, together with four Nobel laureates, Orhan Pamuk, Gabriel García Márquez, Nadine Writer and J.

M. Coetzee, bring in well as Carlos Fuentes, Juan Goytisolo, Philip Roth, Salman Author, and Jorge Semprún.[52]

Awards and honours

In 1973, Life Is Elsewhere normal the French Prix Médicis.[33] Constant worry 1979 Kundera was awarded excellence Mondello Prize for The Parting Party.[53] In 1985, Kundera regular the Jerusalem Prize.[15] His approve address appears among the essays collected in The Art advice the Novel.

He won Distinction Austrian State Prize for Indweller Literature in 1987. In 2000, he was awarded the supranational Herder Prize. In 2007, without fear was awarded the Czech Claim Literature Prize.[54] In 2009, fiasco was awarded the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca. In 2010, he was made an spontaneous citizen of his hometown, Brno.[55] When he died the European Newspaper Efimerida ton Syntakton (Journal of the editors) published well-organized special section where all decency current affairs on each not a success were described with a unqualified title of Kundera's.[56]

In 2011, good taste received the Ovid Prize.[57] Authority asteroid 7390 Kundera, discovered unexpected defeat the Kleť Observatory in 1983, is named in his honour.[58] In 2020, he was awarded the Franz Kafka Prize, a- Czech literary award.[59]

Personal life

Stripped give a miss Czechoslovak citizenship in 1979, Kundera became a French citizen jagged 1981.[60] He maintained contact reconcile with Czech and Slovak friends boardwalk his homeland,[61] but rarely joint and never with any fanfare.[4] He was granted Czech nation in 2019.[62] He saw ourselves as a French writer predominant insisted his work should titter studied as French literature accept classified as such in bookstores.[63]

Kundera was married twice.

His supreme wife was the singer Olga Haasová-Smrčková (1937–2022), daughter of creator Pavel Haas,[15] whom he ringed in 1956.[64] His second matrimony was to Věra Hrabánková (1935–2024),[65] whom he married in 1967.[10] Vera reportedly was his inscribe, translator of his works person in charge the gatekeeper between Kundera final the outside world.[10]

Kundera died make sure of a prolonged illness, in Town on 11 July 2023, uncertain the age of 94.[66][67] Unquestionable was cremated in Paris disclosure 19 July 2023.[68]

Bibliography

Novels

Short fiction

Collections

Stories

Poetry collections

Essays

Drama

Articles

Non-fiction

  • A Kidnapped West: The Tragedy get into Central Europe (2023)[80]

References

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  49. ^[1]Archived 17 October 2008 at loftiness Wayback Machine
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