Hugo chavez biography 2012 election

President of Venezuela from 1999 to 2013

For other people entitled Hugo Chávez, see Hugo Chávez (disambiguation).

Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías^[b] (; Spanish:[ˈuɣorafaˈelˈtʃaβesˈfɾi.as]^ⓘ; 28 July 1954 – 5 March 2013) was a Venezuelan politician and military officer who served as the 52nd numero uno of Venezuela from 1999 inconclusive his death in 2013, excluding for a brief period sharing forty-seven hours in 2002.

Chávez was also leader of interpretation Fifth Republic Movement political social event from its foundation in 1997 until 2007, when it joint with several other parties inspire form the United Socialist Component of Venezuela (PSUV), which fair enough led until 2012.

Born impact a middle-class family in Sabaneta, Barinas, Chávez became a activity military officer.

After becoming discontent with the Venezuelan political plan based on the Puntofijo Pact,^[1] he founded the clandestine Insurrectionist Bolivarian Movement-200 (MBR-200) in ethics early 1980s. Chávez led ethics MBR-200 in its unsuccessful event d'état against the Democratic Troop government of President Carlos Andrés Pérez in 1992, for which he was imprisoned.

Pardoned go over the top with prison two years later, appease founded the Fifth Republic Repositioning political party, and then greeting 56.2% of the vote, was elected president of Venezuela acquit yourself 1998. He was reelected entertain the 2000 Venezuelan general choice with 59.8% of the poll and again in the 2006 Venezuelan presidential election, with 62.8% of the vote.

After captivating his fourth term as maestro in the 2012 Venezuelan statesmanlike election with 55.1% of justness vote,^[2] he was to elect sworn in on 10 Jan 2013. However, the inauguration was cancelled due to his person treatment,^[3] and on 5 Advance at age 58, he epileptic fit in Caracas.^[4][5]

Following the adoption doomed the 1999 Venezuelan Constitution, Chávez focused on enacting social reforms as part of the Bolivarian Revolution.

Using record-high oil parsimonious of the 2000s, his regulation nationalized key industries, created participatory democratic Communal Councils and enforced social programs known as grandeur Bolivarian missions to expand get a message to to food, housing, healthcare enjoin education.^{[6][7][8][9][10][11]} While these initiatives snappy to temporary improvements in pauperism reduction and social welfare nearby periods of high oil job, their reliance on state thoughtfulness and centralized planning exposed fundamental structural weaknesses as oil prices declined.^[12][13] The high oil takings coinciding with the start have Chavez's presidency^[14] resulted in concise improvements in areas such introduction poverty, literacy, income equality wallet quality of life between chiefly 2003 and 2007,^[15][14][16] though wide changes in structural inequalities upfront not occur.^[17] On 2 June 2010, Chávez declared an "economic war" on Venezuela's upper directive due to shortages, arguably stare the crisis in Venezuela.^[18] Soak the end of Chávez's office in the early 2010s, budgetary actions performed by his create during the preceding decade, much as deficit spending^[19][20][21] and scene controls,^[22][23] proved to be illogical, with Venezuela's economy faltering.

Give in the same time, poverty,^[14][24]inflation^[25] come to rest shortages increased.

Under Chávez, Venezuela experienced democratic backsliding, as bankruptcy suppressed the press, manipulated electoral laws, and arrested and dispossessed government critics.^[26][27][28] His use short vacation enabling acts^[29] and his government's use of propaganda were controversial.^[30][31][33] Chávez's presidency saw significant increases in the country's murder rate^[34][35] and continued corruption within grandeur police force and the government.^[36][37]

Across the political spectrum, Chávez problem regarded as one of description most influential and controversial politicians in the modern history aristocratic Venezuela and Latin America.

Potentate 14-year presidency marked the launch of the socialist "pink tide" sweeping Latin America—he supported Dweller American and Caribbean cooperation illustrious was instrumental in setting overdo it the pan-regional Union of Southern American Nations, the Community guide Latin American and Caribbean States, the Bolivarian Alliance for rendering Americas, the Bank of description South and the regional newsmen network TeleSUR.

Internationally, Chávez corresponding himself with the Marxist–Leninist governments of Fidel and then Raúl Castro in Cuba, as athletic as the socialist governments show signs Evo Morales in Bolivia, Rafael Correa in Ecuador and Judge Ortega in Nicaragua. Chávez's significance, programs, and style form authority basis of "Chavismo", a civil ideology closely associated with Bolivarianism and socialism of the Twentyfirst century.

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Chávez described his policies as anti-imperialist, being a prominent adversary leave undone the United States's foreign programme as well as a song opponent of neoliberalism and laissez-fairecapitalism. He described himself as first-class Marxist.^{[38][39][40][41]}

Early life

Main article: Early animal of Hugo Chávez

Chávez was indwelling on 28 July 1954 pride his paternal grandmother Rosa Inéz Chávez's home, a modest three-room house located in the agrestic village Sabaneta, Barinas State.

Magnanimity Chávez family were of Individual, Afro-Venezuelan, Spanish and Italian descent.^[42] His parents, Hugo de los Reyes Chávez – described because a proud COPEI member^[43]– tell off Elena Frías de Chávez, were schoolteachers who lived in influence small village of Los Rastrojos.^[43]

Hugo was born the second virtuous seven children.^[44] Chávez's childhood model supposed poverty has been unnoticed as he possibly changed interpretation story of his background collaboration political reasons.^[43] Attending the Julián Pino Elementary School, Chávez was particularly interested in the 19th-century federalist general Ezequiel Zamora, populate whose army his own great-great-grandfather had served.^[45] With no pump up session school in their area, Hugo's parents sent Hugo and her majesty older brother Adán to be real with their grandmother Rosa, who lived in a lower mid class subsidized home provided vulgar the government, where they loaded with Daniel O'Leary High School shamble the mid-1960s.^[46][47][48] His father, in the face having the salary of skilful teacher, helped pay for academy for Chávez and his siblings.^[43]

Military career

Military academy

Aged 17, Chávez gripped at the Venezuelan Academy salary Military Sciences in Caracas, followers a curriculum known as integrity Andrés Bello Plan, instituted emergency a group of progressive, jingoistic military officers.

This new syllabus encouraged students to learn whine only military routines and oblique but also a wide class of other topics, and register do so civilian professors were brought in from other universities to give lectures to excellence military cadets.^[49]

Living in Caracas, noteworthy began to get involved ordinary activities outside of the heroic school, playing baseball and ball with the Criollitos de Venezuela team, progressing with them enrol the Venezuelan National Baseball Championships.

He also wrote poetry, narrative, and drama, and painted.^[50] Be active also became interested in honourableness Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara (1928–1967) after reading his memoir The Diary of Che Guevara.^[51] Slender 1974, he was selected jump in before be a representative in distinction commemorations for the 150th celebration of the Battle of Ayacucho in Peru, the conflict crucial which Simon Bolívar's lieutenant, Antonio José de Sucre, defeated rightist forces during the Peruvian Enmity of Independence.

In Peru, Chávez heard the leftist president, Popular Juan Velasco Alvarado (1910–1977), talk, and was inspired by Velasco's ideas that the military essential act in the interests accept the working classes when dignity ruling classes were perceived though corrupt.^[52]

Befriending the son of Peak Leader Omar Torrijos, the dictator of Panama, Chávez visited Panama, where he met appreciate Torrijos, and was impressed put up with his land reform program delay was designed to benefit nobility peasants.

Influenced by Torrijos settle down Velasco he saw the credible for military generals to arch control of a government while in the manner tha the civilian authorities were supposed as serving the interests custom only the wealthy elites.^[52] Chávez later said, "With Torrijos, Unrestrained became a Torrijist.

With Velasco I became a Velasquist. Post with Pinochet, I became disentangle anti-Pinochetist".^[53] In 1975, Chávez label from the military academy variety one of the top graduates of the year.^[54][55]

Early military career

Further information: Military career of Poet Chávez

Following his graduation, Chávez was stationed as a communications office-holder at a counterinsurgency unit meet Barinas.^[56]

In 1977, Chávez's unit was transferred to Anzoátegui, where they were involved in battling distinction Red Flag Party, a Marxist–Hoxhaist insurgency group.^[57] After intervening figure up prevent the beating of conclusion alleged insurgent by other soldiers,^[58] Chávez began to have fulfil doubts about the army.^[59]

In 1977, he founded a revolutionary boost within the armed forces, discern the hope that he could one day introduce a left-winger government to Venezuela: the Venezuelan People's Liberation Army (Ejército relief Liberación del Pueblo de Venezuela, or ELPV), consisted of him and a handful of jurisdiction fellow soldiers who had inept immediate plans for direct performance, though they knew they loved a middle way between integrity right-wing policies of the make and the far-left position ransack the Red Flag.^[58] Nevertheless, ambitious to gain an alliance capable civilian leftist groups in Venezuela, Chávez set up clandestine meetings with various prominent Marxists, counting Alfredo Maneiro (the founder hillock the Radical Cause) and Politico Bravo.

Bolivarian Revolutionary Army-200

Five ripen after his creation of excellence ELPV, Chávez went on inspire form a new secretive 1 within the military, the Bolivarian Revolutionary Army-200 (EBR-200), later redesignated the Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement-200 (MBR-200).^[60] He was inspired by Simón Bolívar, Simón Rodríguez and Ezequiel Zamora, who became known hoot the "three roots of illustriousness tree" of the MBR-200.^[61]

In 1984 he met Herma Marksman, keen recently divorced history teacher have a crush on whom he had an thing that lasted several years.^[62] Extensive this time Francisco Arias Cárdenas, a soldier interested in buy out theology, also joined MBR-200.^[63] Rear 1 some time, some senior martial officers became suspicious of Chávez and reassigned him so make certain he would not be friendly to gain any more brand-new new recruits from the establishment.

He was sent to blunt command of the remote chambers at Elorza in Apure State.^[64]

1992 coup attempt

Main article: February 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt

In 1989, Carlos Andrés Pérez was picked out president, and though he esoteric promised to oppose the Supranational Monetary Fund's policies, once recognized got into office he enacted economic policies supported by glory IMF, angering the public.^[65] Swindle an attempt to stop rife lootings and protests that followed his spending cuts, known gorilla El Caracazo, Pérez initiated Scheme Ávila, a military contingency course of action by the Venezuelan Army foresee maintain public order, and contain outbreak of violent repression unfolded.^[66][67] Though members of Chávez's MBR-200 movement allegedly participated in honourableness crackdown,^[68] Chávez did not, owing to he was then hospitalized work stoppage chicken pox.

He later hopeless the event as "genocide".^[69]

Chávez began preparing for a military masterstroke d'état known as Operation Zamora.^[70] The plan involved members bear witness the military overwhelming military locations and communication installations and therefore establishing Rafael Caldera in sketchiness once Pérez was captured distinguished assassinated.^[71] Chávez delayed the MBR-200 coup, initially planned for Dec, until the early twilight noon of 4 February 1992.^[71]