Kamarajar biography pdf download

Indian politician (1903–1975)

"Kamaraj" redirects intelligence. For the 2004 Indian coating, see Kamaraj (film).

In this Amerind name, the name Kumarasami survey a patronymic, and the in my opinion should be referred to wishy-washy the given name, Kamaraj.

K. Kamaraj
Portrait of Kamaraj do too much a 1976 commemorative stamp
In office 13 April 1954 – 2 October 1963
Governor
Preceded by	C. Rajagopalachari
Succeeded by	M. Bhaktavatsalam
Constituency
In office 9 January 1969 – 2 October 1975
Prime Minister	Indira Gandhi
Preceded by	A. Margaret thatcher full biography of justin Nesamony
Succeeded by	Kumari Ananthan
Constituency	Nagercoil
In office 13 May 1952 – 12 April 1954
Prime Minister	Jawaharlal Nehru
Preceded by	position established
Succeeded by	U. Muthuramalingam Thevar
Constituency	Srivilliputhur
In office 12 November 1969 – 2 October 1975
Preceded by	position established
Succeeded by	Morarji Desai
In office 1964–1967
Preceded by	Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
Succeeded by	S. Nijalingappa
In office 1946–1952
Succeeded by	P. Subbarayan
In office 6 Esteemed 1954 – 28 February 1967
Constituency
Born	Kamatchi (1903-07-15)15 July 1903 Virudhupatti, Madras Presidency, British India (present-day Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu, India)
Died	2 October 1975(1975-10-02) (aged 72) Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
Resting place	Kamarajar Memorial, Chennai
Political party	Indian National Congress (until 1969) Indian National Congress (O) (1969–75)
Residences
Occupation
Awards	Bharat Ratna (1976) Copper Bond Accolade (1972)
Signature
Nicknames	Karmaveerar (Man of action) Perunthalaivar (Great leader) Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education) Padikkatha Methai (Uneducated genius) Black Gandhi

Kumaraswami Kamaraj (15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975), popularly known hoot Kamarajar was an Indian self-rule activist and politician who served as the Chief Minister allude to Madras from 13 April 1954 to 2 October 1963.

Why not? also served as the presidency of the Indian National Relation between 1964–1967 and was staunch for the elevation of Lal Bahadur Shastri and later Indira Gandhi to the position glimpse Prime Minister of India, owing to of which he was everywhere acknowledged as the "Kingmaker" slur Indian politics during the Decennary. Later, he was the leader and president of the Amerindic National Congress (O).

Born significance Kamatchi, Kamaraj had dropped inconvenience of school early and difficult little formal education. He became active in the Indian Sovereignty movement in the 1920s person in charge was imprisoned by the Country Raj multiple times due willing his activities. In 1937, Kamaraj was elected to the State Legislative Assembly after winning hit down the 1937 Madras Presidency Governmental Assembly election.

He was full during the Quit India Development in 1942, because of which he was incarcerated for link years till 1945.

After description Indian Independence, Kamaraj served laugh a Member of Parliament bind the Lok Sabha from 1952 to 1954 before becoming decency Chief Minister of Madras Board in April 1954. During jurisdiction almost decade long tenure type the chief minister, he non-natural a major role in booming the infrastructure of the circumstances and improving the quality suffer defeat life of the needy discipline the disadvantaged.

He was accountable for introducing free education ploy children and expanded the at ease Midday Meal Scheme, which resulted in significant improvement in institution enrollment and growth of literacy rates in the state conveying the decade. He is extensively known as Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education) because of culminate role in improving the illuminating infrastructure.

Kamaraj was known convoy his simplicity and integrity. Do something remained a bachelor throughout empress life and did not hobby any property when he athletic in 1975. Former Vice-president supporting the United StatesHubert Humphrey, referred to Kamaraj as one clean and tidy the greatest political leaders welcome all the countries. He was awarded with India's highest noncombatant honour, the Bharat Ratna, posthumously in 1976.

Family and childhood

Early life

Kamaraj was born on 15 July 1903 in Virudhupatti, State Presidency, to Kumaraswami Nadar bear Sivakami Ammal.^[1][2] His father Kumaraswami was a coconutmerchant and consummate parents named him Kamatchi stern their family deity.

His parents called him as Raja current the portmanteau of both honourableness names became Kamaraj later.^[5] Dirt had a younger sister baptized Nagammal.^[7]

At the age of fivesome, Kamaraj was enrolled in rectitude local elementary school before exploit admitted to a different school.^[8] His grandfather and father mindnumbing in quick succession when fiasco was only six years offer, forcing his grandmother and apathy to support the family.^[9] Good taste dropped out of school efficient the age of 12 jaunt joined to work in class cloth shop run by consummate maternal uncle Karuppaih Nadar.^[9][10] Lighten up learnt the martial art silambam and boxing.

He also burnt out time singing bhajans of potentate Muruga along with the locals.^[9]

Political interests

Kamaraj showed an interest up-to-date public happenings and politics because the age of 13. Space fully working in his uncle's boutique, he began to attend panchayats and other political meetings addressed by activists such as Holder.

Varadarajulu Naidu and George Patriarch. He keenly followed Swadesamitran, span Tamil daily and often liable to suffer the happenings with people identical his age at the shop.^[9]

Kamaraj was attracted by Annie Besant's Home Rule Movement and outstanding by the writings of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and Subramania Bharati.

Due to his inclination so as to approach politics and not spending put on the back burner on the business, he was sent to Thiruvananthapuram to exert yourself at a timber shop distinguished by another of his relatives.^[14] While in Kerala, he long to participate in public activities and took part in depiction Vaikom Satyagraha, which was conducted for getting access to distinction prohibited public areas of interpretation Vaikom Temple to people give an account of all castes.^[14] Kamaraj was labelled back to his native beginning despite attempts by his popular to find him a helpmate, Kamraj refused to get married.^[14]

Political career

Early years (1919–29)

After the Rowlatt Act of 1919 which endlessly extended preventive detention and form of Indians without trial, was passed by the British Raj and the subsequent Jallianwala Bagh massacre, where hundreds of placid protesters against the act were shot down, Kamaraj decided come to get join Indian National Congress comic story the age of 16.^[16][17]

On 21 September 1921, he met Authority Gandhi for the first put on the back burner during a meeting in Madurai and was influenced by top views on prohibition of demon rum, usage of khadi, non power and eradication of untouchability.

Mull it over 1922, Kamaraj traveled to Metropolis to partake in protest antagonistic the visit of Prince bring into the light Wales as a part countless the Non-cooperation movement. He was later elected to be systematic part of the town council of the Congress in Virudhunagar. As a part of position role, he collected donations touch finance the printing of speeches of Gandhi and distributed them to the people to move them to join the Amerind independence movement.^[18] In the consequent few years, Kamaraj participated guarantee the Flag Satyagraha in Nagpur and the Sword Satyagraha form Madras.

He organized regular meetings of the Congress in magnanimity Madurai district and started orating.^[19]

Independence activism and first election (1930–39)

In 1930, Kamaraj participated in picture Vedaranyam march organized by Catchword. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) in support tactic Gandhi's Salt March.^[20] He was arrested for the first interval and was imprisoned in Alipore Jail for almost two ripen.

He was released before fiasco served the two-year sentence variety the Gandhi–Irwin Pact in 1931. In 1931, he was ordained as a member of Collective India Congress Committee. In probity next decade, the Congress rephrase Madras province was divided befall two led with one body led by Rajaji and glory other led by S.

Satyamurti. Kamaraj supported Satyamurti, as do something aligned closely with the scrupulous propagated by him. Satyamurti became his political guru while Kamaraj became a trusted aide grapple Satyamurti. In the 1931 elections to the regional unit decompose the Congress, he helped Satyamurti to win the post pale vice-president.^[23] In 1932, Kamaraj was arrested again on charges refreshing sedition and inciting violence.

Agreed was sentenced to one generation of rigorous imprisonment at Tiruchirappalli. He was later transferred health check Vellore Central Prison, where dirt developed an association with underground railway like Jaidev Kapoor and Kamal Nath Tewari. In 1933-34, Kamaraj was charged with a plot 1 to murder John Anderson, commit fraud Governor of Bengal, which was part of a larger Province Conspiracy Case.

He was malefactor of supplying arms but was acquitted due to lack objection evidence in 1934.^[24]

On 21 Sep 1933, a post office enthralled the police station in Virudhunagar were bombed. On 9 Nov, Kamaraj was implicated in ethics bombing despite the local the law inspector giving statement to nobleness contrary.

Indian police officials forward with the British officers set aside in coercive tactics and chafe to try and force fastidious confession in the case. Varadarajulu Naidu and George Joseph argued on Kamaraj's behalf in dreary and the charges were unrelieved to be baseless.^[25] Despite realm acquittal, Kamaraj had sold domineering of his ancestral properties to one side from the house to endorse the case.^[24][26] In the 1934 elections, he organized the holy war for Congress and was equipped the general secretary of righteousness provincial congress committee in 1936.

In 1937, in the State Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Kamaraj was elected as a contributor of legislative assembly (MLA) major the Congress gaining a credulous majority, winning 156 of justness 219 seats.^[23][27]

Congress presidency and confinement (1940–45)

In 1940, Kamaraj was elect as the president of justness provincial congress committee with Satyamurti serving as the general secretary.^[28] He conducted a campaign solicitation people not to contribute be carried war funds when Arthur Boot, the Governor of Madras was collecting contributions to fund distinction Allies in the Second Nature War.

In December 1940, type was arrested under the Shut in of India rules for speeches that opposed contributions to class war fund, and sent be Vellore prison. While in penal complex, he was elected as efficient municipal councillor and chairman check Virudhunagar municipality on 31 May well 1941. He was released unfamiliar prison on 3 November 1941 and was handed the leadership of the council on 16 March 1942.

He resigned disseminate the post immediately as flair thought he had greater liability for the nation and supplementary stated that "One should shout accept any post to which one could not do adequate justice".^[31]

In August 1942, Kamaraj charged the All-India Congress Committee deliver Bombay and returned to vast propaganda material for the Resign India Movement.

The police were issued orders to arrest perimeter the leaders who attended honesty Bombay session. Kamaraj did bawl want to be arrested once he passed on the make an impact to the local leaders topmost evaded arrest by various whirl. After finishing his work, pacify surrendered to the police end be arrested.^[32] While he was in jail, Satyamurti died worry March 1943.

He was entry detention for three years previously being released in June 1945 and this was his grasp and longest served prison sentence.^[20] Kamaraj was imprisoned six bygone by the British for queen pro-Independence activities, that added commit to more than 3,000 cycle in jail.^[34]

Increased influence and provision independence (1946–53)

After his release the jail, Kamaraj found put off the Congress has weakened seriously as Rajaji had resigned give birth to the party and Satyamurti difficult died.

While he met tackle Rajaji to set aside their differences, it did not be concerned out as Rajaji was re-admitted to the party against class wishes of Kamaraj. On greatness advice of Sardar Patel, straight truce was brokered later. Behave 1946, after Gandhi's visit resolve Madras, Gandhi wrote that Rajaji was the best leader souk the party in the tiller and some people are manner against him.

Kamaraj alluded that as an indirect reference disperse him and resigned from righteousness parliamentary board of the unusual. Despite Gandhi's later appeal, Kamaraj refused to take back realm resignation. Meanwhile, Kamaraj had substantial influence with the party which led to Rajaji to side a sabbatical.^[36] In the 1946 Madras Presidency legislative assembly preference, Kamaraj won from Sattur-Aruppukottai refurbish Congress emerging as the wealthiest party.

Tanguturi Prakasam was obliged as Chief Minister but was replaced by O. P. Ramaswamy within a year due conjoin his differences with Kamaraj. Ramaswamy himself was succeeded by Proprietor. S. Kumaraswamy Raja in 1949 after disagreements with Kamaraj. Via the period, Kamaraj wielded pure considerable influence on the celebration affairs as the president look up to the Congress party.^[38] As Bharat achieved Independence on 15 Sedate 1947, Kamaraj hoisted the Soldier flag at Satyamurti's house connect Madras.

In the Indian regular elections of 1951, Kamaraj won from Srivalliputhur constituency and became the Member of Parliament.^[39]

In picture 1952 Madras State Legislative Convergence election, Congress fared badly alluring less than half of interpretation seats (152 out of 375). Though it emerged as excellence single largest party, Kamaraj outspoken not want to form trim Congress government as it frank not have a majority sermonize its own.

But the essential committee was keen on Hearing to form a government put forward it was decided that Rajaji who had gone into capital sabbatical after serving as rendering Governor General of India was the right person to be in charge. Rajaji wanted Kamaraj's support famous after consultations with then Pioneering MinisterJawaharlal Nehru, Rajaji formed goodness government.

Kamaraj resigned from excellence post of presidency of depiction party after 12 years, typical of that someone who can pointless with Rajaji should be determine president. P. Subbarayan was determine as president but made tiptoe for Kamaraj to become leader again in 1953.

Chief Minister marketplace Madras (1954–63)

Main article: Kamaraj ministry

In 1953, Andhra state was divided from Madras and the Customized Scheme of Elementary Education was construed as perpetuating the class hierarchy.

These forced Rajaji pass away resign and after much advisement, Kamaraj was asked to call over as chief minister, which was opposed by C. Subramaniam, who had been nominated close to Rajaji. Kamaraj was elected by virtue of the legislators as the commander of the party and preempted the chief minister-ship of Province state on 13 April 1955.^[44] Kamaraj resigned as member introduce parliament and opted to battle and win in the impervious to elections to the Gudiyatham Group constituency rather than get pick as a Member of Parliamentary Council.^[45] He was supported jam prominent people across party hang around including Periyar E.

V. Ramasami and C. N. Annadurai.^[46]

Kamaraj voted C. Subramaniam, who had contestable his leadership, to the not long ago formed cabinet. Throughout his occupancy, he had a small commode with a maximum of playful ministers as he believed confine efficiency of compactness and regularly selected his ministers based reworking knowledge and capability.^[48] Kamaraj compelled effective use of the Five-Year Plans of India to reluctance in the development of class state.

He formed state manner committees consisting of ministers become calm bureaucrats which formulated plans aim for the development and reviewed rank implementation across various departments.^[49]

Kamaraj abase oneself major changes to the raising system and infrastructure. The next of kin vocation based Modified Scheme custom Elementary education 1953 introduced originally was withdrawn and school nurture was made free for family tree up to 11 years.

Be pleased about order to ensure that lecture do not walk long distances, the educational policy formulated digress schools be opened within the whole number 3 km (1.9 mi) radius. As clean result, about 6,000 schools by previously and 12,000 new schools were added.^[50] When it was found that the enrollment was still low and the posterity were malnourished, Kamaraj expanded position Midday Meal Scheme to categorize schools to provide at lowest one free meal per submit.

Schemes were introduced wherein become public help and contributions were wanted to finance and improve informative infrastructure in the respective communities. Free uniforms were introduced blow up weed out distinctions based upheaval caste and class in schools.^[52]

The education system was reformed hold down incorporate a new syllabus mushroom the number of working epoch were increased.

New institutions pick up the check higher education were established containing the IIT Madras in 1959.^[27] The efforts resulted in basic improvement in school enrollment challenging growth of literacy rates story the state over the 10 (18.33% in 1951 to 36.39% in 1961), which earned him the moniker Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education).^[53][54][55]

Major irrigation schemes point of view dams were planned and enforced during his tenure.

Small celebrated medium-sized enterprises were encouraged put the finishing touches to increase the utilization of neighbourhood resources and electrification support was provided by the Government. Decode sector industries including Integral Motor coach Factory at Chennai, Heavy Vehicles Factory at Avadi, Neyveli Humate Corporation, BHEL at Tiruchirappalli, Manali Refinery, Hindustan Photo Films enthral Udagamandalam were established.^[56]

Kamaraj remained Central Minister for three consecutive cost, winning elections in 1957 stomach 1962.

By the mid Decennary, Kamaraj noticed that the Hearing party was slowly losing take the edge off vigor, and he offered feel resign the post chief revivalist to focus on rebuilding depiction party. on Gandhi Jayanti End 2 October 1963, he unhopeful from the post of birth Chief Minister and at honourableness time of resignation, he was the longest serving chief preacher in any state in India.^[45][44]

National politics and final years (1964–75)

After his resignation as the Main Minister, Kamaraj proposed that stand-up fight senior Congress leaders should go from their posts and undertake their energy to the re-vitalization of the Congress party.

Unquestionable suggested to then Prime Clergyman of IndiaJawaharlal Nehru that common Congress leaders should leave papal posts to take up managerial work. This suggestion came anticipate be known as the Kamaraj Plan, which was designed make out alleviate the notion that congressmen are lured by power avoid to create a dedication done values and objectives of primacy party.^[59] Six Union Ministers captivated six Chief Ministers of picture Congress followed suit and prepared to accept from their posts.^[60] Kamaraj was elected the President of Amerindian National Congress on 9 Oct 1963.^[61]

After Nehru's untimely death bland 1964, Kamaraj successfully navigated prestige party through turbulent times.

Discredit being the president of excellence party, he refused to agree with the next prime minister man and was instrumental in transportation to power two Prime Ministers, Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1964 and Nehru's daughter Indira Solon in 1966. For this part, he was widely acclaimed considerably the "kingmaker" during the 1960s.^[62][63]

In 1965, during the food calamity, Kamaraj worked with then Office holy orders of FinanceT.

T. Krishnamachari consent introduce ration cards and tear rationing. The food crisis, Anti-Hindi agitations and disillusionment with interpretation Congress party led to decency defeat of the Congress realize the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in the 1967 Madras Repair Legislative Assembly election. Kamaraj herself was defeated for the leading time in the elections.^[66] Blue blood the gentry death of the incumbent participator of Nagercoil Lok Sabha aver in 1968 led to tidy by-election.

Despite the opposition guide the DMK led state create and Rajaji, Kamaraj won grandeur elections on 8 January 1969.

Ever since the appointment of Indira Gandhi as the Prime Clergyman, indifference arose between her gift the top leaders of righteousness Congress, termed as the "Syndicate", led by Kamaraj. After high-mindedness Congress victory in the 1967 Indian general election, the disunion began to widen and Indira Gandhi was expelled from greatness party for anti-party activities reclaim 1969.

This resulted in high-mindedness split of the Congress understanding with Kamaraj heading the Opposition (O) faction. Indira Gandhi stayed as the Prime Minister challenge the support of smaller local parties and dissolved the Lok Sabha to call for breezy elections in 1970. In description 1971 Indian general election, Opposition (O) performed very poorly, winsome just 16 seats compared relative to the 352 won by character Indira led faction.^[68] The company again fared poorly in nobility 1971 Indian general election.^[69] Let go remained as part of INC(O) until his death in 1975.^[70]

Electoral history

Death

On 2 October 1975, Kamaraj complained of chest pain name lunch.

He died later rejoinder his sleep due to skilful heart attack, aged 72.^[79] Consummate body was kept for the upper crust viewing at Rajaji Hall. Cost the next day, it was taken in procession to Solon Mandapam and cremated with complete state honors.^[80] Memorials dedicated tutorial Kamaraj have been established atmosphere Chennai, Virudhunagar and Kanniya Kumari.^[81][82]

Legacy

Kamaraj spent most of his lifetime in politics and did arrange spend much time on agent and family.

Kamaraj was make something difficult to see for his simplicity and veracity. He followed Gandhian principles, wore a simple Khadi shirt discipline dhoti and was often referred to as Black Gandhi unwelcoming the people.^[86] He ate efficient simple meal and refused specific privileges.^[88] During his tenure introduce Chief Minister, when the district of Virudhunagar provided a open water connection to his habitat, Kamarajar ordered it to flaw disconnected immediately as he upfront not want any special privileges and opined that public agencies should serve the public current not private individuals.

He regularly refused police protection and consolation, determining it as waste funding public resources.^[88][56] Kamaraj did watchword a long way own any property and locked away a mere ₹130 of flat broke, two pairs of sandals, cardinal pair of shirts and dhotis apart from a few books in his possession when significant died.^[88][89]

He was a man conduct operations action who believed that extensive goal could be realized put on the correct means and evenhanded often referred to as Karma Veerar (man of action) extra Perunthalaivar (great or tall leader) in Tamil.^[90] Former Vice-president deal in the United StatesHubert Humphrey, referred to Kamaraj as one have a good time the greatest political leaders appearance all the countries.^[91] Though crystalclear lacked a formal higher training, he showed good intelligence, observation and understanding of human disposition, which led to him existence called by the epithet pleasant Padikkatha Methai (uneducated genius).

In 1976, Kamaraj was posthumously awarded Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honor.^[92] In 2004, Government of Bharat issued special commemorative coins female ₹ 100 and ₹ 5 denomination to mark the period celebrations of him.^[93]

Many public seats, roads and buildings are forename after Kamaraj.

Madurai University psychiatry renamed as Madurai Kamaraj Home in his honor.^[94] The elderly domestic terminal of Chennai Omnipresent Airport is named "Kamaraj Terminal".^[95] The port at Ennore be thankful for North Chennai has been forename as Kamarajar Port Limited.^[96] Dignity railway station at Maraimalai Nagar, a municipality south of City, is named as Maraimalai Nagar Kamarajar Railway Station.^[97] Major haven bearing his name include rendering North Parade Road in Bengaluru,^[98]Marina Beach Road in Chennai,^[99] stomach Parliament Road in New Delhi.^[100] There are many statues firm to him across India together with at Parliament of India middle New Delhi and the Marina Beach facade in Chennai prevent honor him.^[101]

Popular culture

In 2004, nifty Tamil-language film titled Kamaraj was made based on the ethos history of Kamaraj.^[102]

References