Mehelle 2 lenin biography
Vladimir Lenin
Founding leader of the State Union from 1922 to 1924
"Lenin" and "Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" forward here. For other uses, respect Lenin (disambiguation). For the rhyme, see Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (poem).
In this name that follows Slavic naming customs, the patronym is Ilyich and the family term is Ulyanov.
Vladimir Lenin | |
|---|---|
Lenin in 1920 | |
| In office 6 July 1923 – 21 January 1924 | |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Alexei Rykov |
| In office 9 Nov 1917 – 21 January 1924 | |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Alexei Rykov |
| Born | Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov 22 Apr 1870 Simbirsk, Russian Empire |
| Died | 21 January 1924(1924-01-21) (aged 53) Gorki, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
| Resting place | Lenin's Mausoleum, Moscow, Russia |
| Political party | RCP(b)[a] (from 1912) |
| Other political affiliations |
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| Spouse | |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | |
| Alma mater | Saint Petersburg Imperial University |
| Signature | |
Central institution membership
| |
| Leader of the Soviet Union | |
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov[b] (22 April [O.S.
10 April] 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,[c] was a Russian revolutionary, mp and political theorist who was the founder and first mind of government of Soviet Ussr from 1917 until his swallow up in 1924, and of distinction Soviet Union from 1922 in the offing his death.
The founder essential leader of the Bolsheviks, Bolshevik led the October Revolution which established the world's first marxist state. His government won say publicly Russian Civil War and concise power in a one-party native land under the Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, his developments in the matter of the ideology are called Collectivism.
Born into a middle-class race in Simbirsk, Lenin embraced mutineer socialist politics following his brother's 1887 execution. Expelled from Metropolis Imperial University for participating careful protests against the Tsarist administration, he devoted the following period to a law degree a while ago relocating to Saint Petersburg love 1893 and becoming a important Marxist activist.
In 1897, Bolshevist was arrested for sedition accept exiled to Siberia for four years. He then moved round on Western Europe, where he became a key figure in leadership Marxist Russian Social Democratic Exertion Party. In the party's 1903 schism, he led his Commie faction against Julius Martov's Mensheviks. Lenin briefly returned to Empire during the failed Revolution announcement 1905, and during the Head World War campaigned for well-fitting transformation into a Europe-wide worker revolution, which, as a Bolshevik, he believed would cause say publicly end of capitalism and grandeur rise of socialism.
After birth February Revolution of 1917 ousted Tsar Nicholas II and overfriendly a Provisional Government, Lenin requited to Russia and played cool leading role in the Oct Revolution, in which the Bolsheviks overthrew the regime.
Lenin's administration abolished private ownership of angle, nationalised major industry and botanist, withdrew from the war harsh signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and promoted world revolution change direction the Communist International.
The Bolsheviks initially shared power with glory Left Socialist Revolutionaries and licit a multi-party Constituent Assembly, on the contrary by 1918 centralised power ton the new Communist Party. Opponents were suppressed in the Supposed Terror, and tens of a lot were killed or interned jagged concentration camps.
Responding to massacre, famine, and popular uprisings, Bolshevik reversed his policy of contention communism in 1921, and stable the Soviet economy through blue blood the gentry New Economic Policy. His authority defeated right and left-wing anti-Bolshevik armies in the Russian Lay War, after which several non-Russian nations that had broken weight from the empire after 1917 were re-united in the creative Soviet Union in 1922; barrenness, notably Poland, gained independence.
Bolshevik suffered three debilitating strokes gratify 1922 and 1923 before authority death in 1924, with Carpenter Stalin succeeding him as authority pre-eminent figure in the Country government.
Lenin was the posthumous subject of a pervasive pneuma cult within the Soviet Joining until its dissolution in 1991. Under Stalin, he became conclusion ideological figurehead of Marxism–Leninism ahead a prominent influence over authority international communist movement.
A controvertible and highly divisive figure, Bolshevist is praised by his non-exclusive for establishing a revolutionary pronounce which took steps towards state socialism, while his critics accuse him of establishing a dictatorship which oversaw mass killings and national repression. He was widely putative one of the most sizable and influential figures of rank 20th century.
Early life
Main article: Early life of Vladimir Lenin
Childhood: 1870–1887
Lenin was born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov in Streletskaya Ulitsa, Simbirsk, now Ulyanovsk, on 22 Apr 1870, and baptised six date later; as a child elegance was known as Volodya, honesty common nickname variant of Vladimir.
He was the third lay into eight children, having two elder siblings, Anna (born 1864) nearby Alexander (born 1866). They were followed by three more dynasty, Olga (born 1871), Dmitry (born 1874), and Maria (born 1878). Two later siblings died keep infancy. His father, Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov, was a devout associate of the Russian Orthodox Creed and baptised his children gap it, although his mother, Tree Alexandrovna Ulyanova (née Blank), unmixed Lutheran by upbringing, was contemptuously indifferent to Christianity, a talk with that influenced her children.
Ilya Ulyanov was from a family precision former serfs; Ilya's father's ethnicity remains unclear, with suggestions delay he was of Russian, Turkic, Mordvin, or Kalmyk ancestry.
Regardless of a lower-class background, he abstruse risen to middle-class status, perusing physics and mathematics at City University before teaching at goodness Penza Institute for the Dignity. In mid-1863, Ilya married Tree, the well-educated daughter of uncut wealthy SwedishLutheran mother and practised Russian Jewish father who locked away converted to Christianity and gripped as a physician.
Erik erikson psychologist biography graphic organizerAccording to historian Petrovsky-Shtern, disagreement is likely that Lenin was unaware of his mother's half-Jewish ancestry, which was only disclosed by Anna after his cool. Soon after their wedding, Ilya obtained a job in Nizhny Novgorod, rising to become Bumptious of Primary Schools in blue blood the gentry Simbirsk district six years posterior.
Five years after that, operate was promoted to Director blond Public Schools for the field, overseeing the foundation of throw 450 schools as a thing of the government's plans acquire modernisation. In January 1882, reward dedication to education earned him the Order of Saint Vladimir, which bestowed on him say publicly status of hereditary nobleman.
Both admit Lenin's parents were monarchists opinion liberal conservatives, being committed contempt the emancipation reform of 1861 introduced by the reformist Oppressor Alexander II; they avoided public radicals and there is cack-handed evidence that the police shrewd put them under surveillance promote subversive thought.
Every summer they holidayed at a rural residence in Kokushkino. Among his siblings, Lenin was closest to her highness sister Olga, whom he frequently bossed around; he had phony extremely competitive nature and could be destructive, but usually confessed his misbehaviour. A keen participant, he spent much of her highness free time outdoors or presentation chess, and excelled at high school, the disciplinarian and conservative Simbirsk Classical Gymnasium.
In January 1886, like that which Lenin was 15, his sire died of a brain hemorrhage.
Subsequently, his behaviour became contumacious and confrontational, and he damages his belief in God. Mistrust the time, Lenin's elder kinsman Alexander, whom he affectionately knew as Sasha, was studying be inspired by Saint Petersburg University. Involved delete political agitation against the certain monarchy of the reactionary Despot Alexander III, Alexander studied character writings of banned leftists esoteric organised anti-government protests.
He coupled a revolutionary cell bent clatter assassinating the Tsar and was selected to construct a Before the attack could brutality place, the conspirators were capture and tried, and Alexander was executed by hanging in Can 1887. Despite the emotional bombshell of his father's and brother's deaths, Lenin continued studying, moderate from school at the put pen to paper of his class with splendid gold medal for exceptional completion, and decided to study edict at Kazan University.
University and partisan radicalisation: 1887–1893
Upon entering Kazan Sanatorium in August 1887, Lenin alert into a nearby flat.
Back, he joined a zemlyachestvo, clean form of university society deviate represented the men of boss particular region. This group determine him as its representative done the university's zemlyachestvo council, ray he took part in clean December demonstration against government obstacles that banned student societies.
Dignity police arrested Lenin and offender him of being a ringleader in the demonstration; he was expelled from the university, gift the Ministry of Internal Basis exiled him to his family's Kokushkino estate. There, he scan voraciously, becoming enamoured with Nikolay Chernyshevsky's 1863 pro-revolutionary novel What Is to Be Done?
Lenin's indigenous was concerned by her son's radicalisation, and was instrumental quick-witted convincing the Interior Ministry run into allow him to return don the city of Kazan, on the other hand not the university.
On climax return, he joined Nikolai Fedoseev's revolutionary circle, through which put your feet up discovered Karl Marx's 1867 volume Capital. This sparked his anxious in Marxism, a socio-political opinion that argued that society dash in stages, that this step resulted from class struggle, remarkable that capitalist society would in the end give way to socialist kinship and then communist society.
Careful of his political views, Lenin's mother bought a country capital in Alakaevka village, Samara Oblast, in the hope that accompaniment son would turn his concern to agriculture. He had petty interest in farm management, significant his mother soon sold rank land, keeping the house in the same way a summer home.
In September 1889, the Ulyanov family moved interrupt the city of Samara, annulus Lenin joined Alexei Sklyarenko's marxist discussion circle.
There, Lenin vicious embraced Marxism and produced clean up Russian language translation of Comedian and Friedrich Engels's 1848 civil pamphlet, The Communist Manifesto. Without fear began to read the entireness of the Russian Marxist Georgi Plekhanov, agreeing with Plekhanov's reason that Russia was moving feudalism to capitalism and in this fashion socialism would be implemented emergency the proletariat, or urban place class, rather than the people.
This Marxist perspective contrasted peer the view of the agrarian-socialist Narodnik movement, which held digress the peasantry could establish state socialism in Russia by forming provincial communes, thereby bypassing capitalism. That Narodnik view developed in rendering 1860s with the People's Capacity Party and was then pivotal within the Russian revolutionary partiality.
Lenin rejected the premise bring into play the agrarian-socialist argument but was influenced by agrarian-socialists like Pyotr Tkachev and Sergei Nechaev present-day befriended several Narodniks.
In May 1890, Maria, who retained societal reflect as the widow of boss nobleman, persuaded the authorities equal allow Lenin to take rulership exams externally at the Forming of St Petersburg, where yes obtained the equivalent of straight first-class degree with honours.
Description graduation celebrations were marred like that which his sister Olga died disseminate typhoid. Lenin remained in Key for several years, working culminating as a legal assistant be directed at a regional court and consequently for a local lawyer. Fiasco devoted much time to elemental politics, remaining active in Sklyarenko's group and formulating ideas raise how Marxism applied to State.
Inspired by Plekhanov's work, Bolshevik collected data on Russian community, using it to support elegant Marxist interpretation of societal occurrence and counter the claims time off the Narodniks. He wrote straighten up paper on peasant economics; bring into disrepute was rejected by the generous journal Russian Thought.
Revolutionary activity
Main article: Revolutionary activity of Vladimir Lenin
Early activism and imprisonment: 1893–1900
In latter-day 1893, Lenin moved to Dear Petersburg.
There, he worked despite the fact that a barrister's assistant and cherry to a senior position timely a Marxist revolutionary cell prowl called itself the Social-Democrats afterwards the Marxist Social Democratic Slim of Germany. Championing Marxism basically the socialist movement, he pleased the founding of revolutionary cells in Russia's industrial centres.
Prep between late 1894, he was substantial a Marxist workers' circle, roost meticulously covered his tracks turn over to evade police spies. He began a romantic relationship with Nadezhda "Nadya" Krupskaya, a Marxist kindergarten teacher. He also authored nifty political tract criticising the Narodnik agrarian-socialists, What the "Friends be fond of the People" Are and To whatever manner They Fight the Social-Democrats; everywhere 200 copies were illegally printed in 1894.
Hoping to cement set of contacts between his Social-Democrats and Sovereignty authorizati of Labour, a group bad buy Russian Marxists based in Svizzera, Lenin visited the country with regard to meet group members Plekhanov crucial Pavel Axelrod.
He proceeded interrupt Paris to meet Marx's son-in-law Paul Lafargue and to check the Paris Commune of 1871, which he considered an absolutely prototype for a proletarian rule. Financed by his mother, no problem stayed in a Swiss nausea spa before travelling to Songster, where he studied for scandalize weeks at the Staatsbibliothek tolerate met the Marxist Wilhelm Liebknecht.
Returning to Russia with practised stash of illegal revolutionary publications, he travelled to various cities distributing literature to striking staff. While involved in producing nifty news sheet, Rabochee delo (Workers' Cause), he was among 40 activists arrested in St. Besieging and charged with sedition.
Refused lawful representation or bail, Lenin denied all charges against him nevertheless remained imprisoned for a day before sentencing.
He spent that time theorising and writing. Deduct this work he noted ditch the rise of industrial free enterprise in Russia had caused sloppy numbers of peasants to make public to the cities, where they formed a proletariat. From Marxist perspective, Lenin argued make certain this Russian proletariat would bring out class consciousness, which would connect turn lead them to apollyon overthrow Tsarism, the aristocracy, famous the bourgeoisie and to improper a dictatorship of the mob that would move toward socialism.
In February 1897, Lenin was sentenced without trial to three years' exile in eastern Siberia.
Take action was granted a few age in Saint Petersburg to deposit his affairs in order arm used this time to appropriate with the Social-Democrats, who difficult to understand renamed themselves the League hark back to Struggle for the Emancipation a selection of the Working Class. His voyage to eastern Siberia took 11 weeks, for much of which he was accompanied by sovereign mother and sisters.
Deemed one and only a minor threat to excellence government, he was exiled catch Shushenskoye, Minusinsky District, where oversight was kept under police surveillance; he was nevertheless able resolve correspond with other revolutionaries, innumerable of whom visited him, near permitted to go on trips to swim in the Yenisey River and to hunt engulf and snipe.
In May 1898, Nadya joined him in exile, acquiring been arrested in August 1896 for organising a strike.
She was initially posted to Metropolis, but persuaded the authorities cause somebody to move her to Shushenskoye, position she and Lenin married ache 10 July 1898. Settling get trapped in a family life with Nadya's mother Elizaveta Vasilyevna, in Shushenskoye the couple translated English collectivist literature into Russian. There, Bolshevist wrote A Protest by State Social-Democrats to criticise German Socialist revisionists like Eduard Bernstein who advocated a peaceful, electoral track to socialism.
He also fully developed The Development of Capitalism induce Russia (1899), his longest work to date, which criticised honourableness agrarian-socialists and promoted a Exponent analysis of Russian economic action. Published under the pseudonym come within earshot of Vladimir Ilin, upon publication hole received predominantly poor reviews.
Munich, Author, and Geneva: 1900–1905
After his fugitive, Lenin settled in Pskov fell early 1900.
There, he began raising funds for a magazine, Iskra (Spark), a new means of expression of the Russian Marxist establishment, now calling itself the Indigen Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). In July 1900, Lenin formerly larboard Russia for Western Europe; pen Switzerland he met other Slavonic Marxists, and at a Corsier conference they agreed to base the paper from Munich, whirl location Lenin relocated in September.
Counting contributions from prominent European Marxists, Iskra was smuggled into Land, becoming the country's most composition underground publication since 1850s. Unquestionable first adopted the pseudonym Bolshevik in December 1901, possibly homemade on the Siberian River Lena; he often used the technologist pseudonym of N.
Lenin, dispatch while the N did crowd stand for anything, a habitual misconception later arose that crew represented Nikolai. Under this stage name, in 1902 he published climax most influential publication to traditional, the pamphlet What Is adopt Be Done?, which outlined her highness thoughts on the need ardently desire a vanguard party to escort the proletariat to revolution.
Nadya connected Lenin in Munich and became his secretary.
They continued their political agitation, as Lenin wrote for Iskra and drafted say publicly RSDLP programme, attacking ideological dissenters and external critics, particularly depiction Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR), trim Narodnik agrarian-socialist group founded regulate 1901. Despite remaining a Socialist, he accepted the Narodnik spy on on the revolutionary power line of attack the Russian peasantry, accordingly, authorship the 1903 pamphlet To rendering Village Poor.
To evade State police, Lenin moved to Writer with Iskra in April 1902, where he befriended fellow Russian-Ukrainian Marxist Leon Trotsky. Lenin knock ill with erysipelas and was unable to take such spiffy tidy up leading role on the Iskra editorial board; in his deficiency, the board moved its bottom of operations to Geneva.
The secondly RSDLP Congress was held break through London in July 1903.
Bulldoze the conference, a schism emerged between Lenin's supporters and those of Julius Martov