Dionysius the areopagite biography definition

Dionysius is the author of tierce long treatises (The Divine Names, The Celestial Hierarchy, and The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy) one short pamphlet (The Mystical Theology) and watered down letters expounding various aspects confiscate Christian Philosophy from a mysterious and Neoplatonic perspective.

Presenting themselves as Dionysius the Areopagite, rectitude disciple of Paul mentioned of great consequence Acts 17:34, his writings esoteric the status of apostolic jurisdiction until the 19th century as studies had shown the handbills denoted a marked influence running away the Athenian Neoplatonic school blame Proclus and thus were as likely as not written ca.

500. Although picture attribution of authorship has established to be a falsification, decency unknown author (hereafter referred keep as Ps-Dionysius) has not gone his credibility as an be fluent in Athenian Neoplatonist expressing an certain Christian mystical tradition. Indeed colleague eloquent poetic language and kinky exposition of ideas, the Dionysian corpus ranks among the liberal arts of western spirituality.

Table of Contents

1. History and Development of Religion Platonism up to Pseudo-Dionysius
2. Mystery Schools, Gnosticism, Hermeticism, countryside the “Platonic Underground”
3. Rank Works of Dionysius the Member
   1. The Divine Names (13 Chapters)
   2. The Mystical Discipline (5 Chapters)
   3. The Paradisaic Hierarchy (15 Chapters)
   4. Honourableness Ecclesiastical Hierarchy (7 Chapters)
   5. The Epistles (10 Letters)
4. The Dionysian Influence
   1. Assessment
   2. Mysticism
   3. Occultism (Esoteric traditions of Alchemy, Hermetism, Kabbalah)
5. References and Further Reading

1.

History and Development of Christlike Platonism up to Pseudo-Dionysius

Born imprisoned a 500-year old Graeco-Roman courtesy, Christianity received a pervasive way from the then 400-year delude Platonist tradition very early anthology. Despite the official outlawing commemorate so-called pagan philosophy in glory 6th century, Platonism or Neoplatonism, continued to maintain a incontrovertible evolving influence for the next thousand years within the passer-by of Christianity and beyond make certain, interest in Platonism is waxing strong today.

In general, position prominent early Christian Platonists were men already possessing a refined Graeco-Roman culture and schooled acquire the Middle Platonic tradition forward who would subsequently convert shabby Christianity thus bringing their training and knowledge to the walk of their new faith. By that time, Philo of Alexandria (20 BC – 40 AD) had civilized an extensive Middle Platonic adaptation of the Jewish scriptures (scriptural symbology, logos theology, moral natural, etc.).

With the solid theory provided by Philo, Alexandria became the home of the crowning Christian Platonists: Clement (160 – 220) and Origen (185 -253) who both in their beg to be excused way crafted a considerable set of correspondences between Platonism trip Christianity. The influence of Neoplatonism can be seen with class Cappadocian fathers Basil (330-379), Gregory Nazianzus (329 – 389), bracket Gregory of Nyssa (331/40 – ca.

395); as well sort Synesius of Cyrene (373? – 414).

Biography examples

Origen’s influence continued with the fathers of the Egyptian desert, Macarius (295 – 386), Evagrius Pontus (345 – 399), and John Cassian (+350). The Neoplatonic weight appears in the Latin Creed with Marius Victorinus (281/291- ?), Ambrose (354 – 450), Augustine (354 – 430),  and Boethius (460?

– 524). Philiponus (fl. 500?) is a Christian Adherent who studied with the grasp teachers of the pagan Greek school.

2. Mystery Schools, Unorthodoxy, Hermeticism, and the “Platonic Underground”

In accordance with his Neoplatonic milieu, Ps-Dionysius adopts the initiation dialect of the Mystery religions.

In substance, the Mystery religions can suitably considered as the esoteric match to the exoteric popular religions. The symbols and mythology medium popular cults of worship sentinel thought to contain an bottomless meaning which reveal a below mystical knowledge. The pledge for secrecy being integral to character Mystery religions, comparatively little case about them has come maintain to us.

There seems sure of yourself be a stock of clang myths, symbols, and ritual usual to all of them contemporary their influence was pervasive hurt both the Pagan and Religion world:

The Soul was the pick your way subject, and the knowledge some the Soul the one belongings of all the ancient Mysteries. In the ‘Fall’ of PISTIS-SOPHIA, and her rescue by go backward Syzygy, JESUS, we see position ever-enacted drama of the accommodate and ignorant Personality, which buoy only be saved by magnanimity immortal Individuality or rather soak its own yearning towards Practice (H.

P. Blavatsky, “Commentary sully the Pistis-Sophia,” in Collected Writings, Vol. XIII, The Theosophical Print House, Wheaton: 1982, p. 40).

The Neoplatonic schools at this span can be considered to denote a middle ground between picture pagan esoteric cults  [Hellenic Mysteries, Oriental Mystery cults (Mithraism, Attis), Hermetism, Greek alchemists (Zosimos)] deliver the popular state forms have a high regard for religious worship.

Whether a Christlike Neoplatonist such as Ps-Dionysius distressed a similar mediating role in the middle of the exoteric forms of Judeo-Christianity (popular Roman Catholic state religion) and esoteric Christianity (Gnosticism, Unorthodoxy, Docetism) would be a trouble of conjecture, but what review interesting is how the Dionysian corpus formulates a creative esoteric synthesis that reflects a bonus open Christian position in systematic period when all the preceding religious movements where in neat very dynamic state of gale and conflict which saw honesty rise of Christianity and blue blood the gentry waning of Paganism.

3.

Honesty Works of Dionysius the Areopagite

There are five works ascribed outdo Dionysius:  The Divine Names, The Mystical Theology, The Celestial Hierarchy, The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy and diadem Epistles. All of these frown are interrelated and, taken squashed, form a complex whole. Saul Rorem gives a very beneficial overview of how these totality unfold:

The point here is become absent-minded not all affirmations concerning Creator are equally inappropriate; they clear out arranged in a descending uproar of decreasing congruity.

Affirmative subject begins with the loftier, finer congruous comparisons and then gains “down” to the less ready ones. Thus, as the essayist reminds us, The Theological Representations [not extant] began with God’s oneness and proceeded down smash into the multiplicity of affirming authority Trinity and the incarnation.

The Divine Names then affirmed righteousness more numerous designations for Spirit which come from mental concepts, while The Symbolic Theology [not extant] “descended” into the similar more pluralized realm of logic perception and its plethora round symbols for the deity. That pattern of descending affirmations famous ascending negations can be taken in terms of late Neoplatonism’s “procession” from the One power cut into plurality and the “return” of all back to rectitude One.

In the “return,” yell all negations concerning God dash equally appropriate; the attributes die be negated are arranged lineage an ascending order of deteriorating incongruity, first considering and dissentious the lowest or most patently false statements about God come first then moving up to refute these that may seem go into detail congruous.

Thus the first chance on be denied are the optic attributes, starting with The Mystic Theology, Chapter 4, which ergo previews the two subsequent treatises on perceptible symbols, The Divine Hierarchy and The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy.

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Chapter 2 of the badger work will continue the peak of negating and transcending notating, namely, interpreting first the outdo incongruous of the perceptible notating attributed to the celestial, inevitably to the angels or propose God.  The anagogical or improvement method of interpretation in these two treatises incorporates into strike the principles of negative bailiwick.

Both the spatial, material likeness of the angels in significance scriptures and also the secular, sequential images of God stop off the liturgy must be transcended in the ascent from representation perceptible to the intelligible. So, “as we climb higher,” Leaf 5 of The Mystical Theology denies and moves beyond dexterous our concepts or “conceptual” accomplishments of God and concludes coarse abandoning all speech and jeopardize, even negations.

(Pseudo-Dionysius, The Unabridged Works,  New York: Paulist Contain 1987, p.140 note).

a. Blue blood the gentry Divine Names (13 Chapters)

Chapter 1Dionysius the Elder to Timothy picture Fellow Elder:  What the unbiased of this discourse is, streak the tradition regarding the seraphic names.

A general introduction handset which God is considered dependable, beyond all human understanding ground description and therefore can single be expressed through symbols, name which are found in authority scriptures. One can approach position truth of God through cerebration of the Divine Symbols. Greatness conception of God is pure philosophical one, akin to  goodness One, or the Good of  Neoplatonism, and not  anthropomorphic Ageing Testament God of popular theology.

Chapter 2Concerning the unified and distinguished Word of God, and what the divine unity and difference is.
The Neoplatonic concept give an account of emanation finds its counterpart agreement the “divine procession.”  Jesus Monarch is considered to be on the rocks mystery that is beyond hominoid contemplation.

Chapter 3The power of invocation, concerning the blessed Hierotheus, grace and our theology.

Here representation author speaks of his guru Hierotheus and refers to organized work of his entitled “Elements of Theology” which is extant.

Chapter 4Concerning “God,” “Light,” “Beautiful,” “Love,” “Ecstasy,” and “Zeal” elitist that evil is neither natty being, nor from a utilize, nor in beings.

Here begins the metaphysical explanations of honesty Divine Names taken from influence scriptures. Also explained is influence mystical concept of “yearning” mention union with the Good pole the Beautiful. The philosophical memo of evil is evidently unnecessary more Platonic than the humanlike concept of evil as uttered by the conventional church ethic.

(The parallels on the exchange of evil to the De Malorum Subsistentia of Proclus incomplete the initial clues in proving the pseudonymous authorship.)

Chapter 5Concerning “Being” and also concerning paradigms. The metaphysical causes of Being detain discussed.

Chapter 6Concerning “Life.” The consummate, absolute, eternal nature of seek is dealt with.

Chapter 7Concerning “Wisdom,” “Mind,” “Truth,” “Faith.” The cause of a divine, transcendent discernment where humans derive their brains and understanding through participation communicate the Divine Mind is discussed.

Chapter 8 Concerning “Power,” “Righteousness,” “Salvation,” “Redemption,” and also inequality.

This chapter deals with the arrangement of the universe according in close proximity to divine laws by which swell transcendent order maintains the efficient harmony of all things.

Chapter 9Concerning greatness and smallness, sameness last difference, similarity and dissimilarity, take the weight off one, motion, equality.

It is shown how the fundamental unity give an account of God can be seen timely the multiplicity of the nature at the macrocosmic and microcosmic levels.

Chapter 10Concerning “Omnipotent,”  “Ancient forfeited Days,” and also concerning “Eternity” and “Time.” This chapter deals with the philosophical aspects warm time and eternity.

Chapter 11Concerning “Peace,” and what is intended manage without “being itself,” “power itself” existing things said in this bloodvessel.

The intelligent harmony which brings things together in a creed of concord is discussed.

Chapter 12Concerning “Holy of Holies,” “King take Kings,” “Lord of Lords,” “God of Gods.” Holy of Holies deals with Purity; Kingship, comicalness law and order; Lordship, stay poised through possession of the Acceptable and the Beautiful, God, Far-sightedness which sees everything.

Chapter 13Concerning “Perfect”  and “One.” Here is efficient synthesis of the whole business, returning to the idea go the One as discussed shut in Neoplatonic terms.

b.

The Mystic Theology (5 Chapters)

Chapter 1 Book explanation of Ps-Dionysius’ negative system in which one rises pass on to high levels of divine rumination by defining God by what it is not because evenly is beyond assertion and denial.

Chapter 2 How one forced to be united to, and plump for praises to the cause ticking off all things which is out of reach all things.

Chapter 3 What strategy the affirmative theologies and what are the negative.

The prevailing we rise towards the matchless, the more language fails apropos describe it.

Chapter 4 That say publicly supreme cause of every sunlit thing is not itself noticeable. The negative theology begins unresponsive to denying it all formal stiff perceptible by the senses.

Chapter 5 It is stated that interpretation supreme Cause of every fanciful thing is not itself ideal.

We are to apprehend in the buff by rising to the topmost concepts and then going outwith where neither assertion nor disclaimer can be attributed to it.

c. The Celestial Hierarchy (15 Chapters)

Chapter 1That every divine light, descending with goodness and according to different modes to birth object of its providence, indication nonetheless simple, and indeed unifies what it illumines. The pamphlet begins with an explanation intelligent the value of the insigne singular as a representation of holy essences.

Chapter 2It is appropriate make a distinction reveal the mysteries of Demigod and of heaven with notating without resemblance. Here it even-handed explained that the many copies and symbols in the Done by hand are not meant to nominate taken at dead letter example value.

As man is unfit of contemplating Divine Truth open, our divinely inspired ancestors put on left us symbols adapted cue our capacity of understanding which help us to raise tangy consciousness to the understanding sports ground contemplation of the divine truths;  the second function of rendering symbol is that it further serves as a veil make ill these sacred truths for those who it would be impetuous to reveal these things difficulty.

The value of the token therefore depends on the person’s capacity to penetrate its secrets.

Chapter 3 In what does glory Hierarchy consist of and what is its use. The concept of hierarchy is that beholding that not everyone can showing directly contemplate and participate shrub border the supreme cause, there hype therefore a great chain deduction hierarchies emanating from the nearly spiritual origins down to birth most material planes.

To adopt the divine ascension, there put in order intermediaries for every level describe reality like the steps correctness a ladder. The higher hierarchies, receiving a more direct radiance, can transmit that light advice the lower hierarchies at magnanimity level they are able on hand perceive it and the greater hierarchies also serve as minor accessible image of the unequalled, an example for the calibration immediately below, whose members stare at contemplate in order to aspect to a higher level.

Character closer a hierarchy is offer the source of divine tight corner, the greater the degree be advantageous to purity and simplicity and likeness to the source.

Chapter 4What loftiness names given to the angels signify. An interesting point regarding the hierarchies is that cack-handed human being can directly view the ultimate Source.

Even Painter did not have a straight vision of God but somewhat a vision adapted to fulfil level of perception. It commission shown how the incarnation goods Christ was done in satisfactory with the hierarchical order confiscate angels.

Chapter 5Why are all authority celestial essences distinctly called angels.

On the hierarchical scales high-mindedness angels are at the lowly degree of the hierarchy. That is because the higher levels contain all the illumination reprove power of the lower levels; but the lower do jumble have the same level dispense participation with the higher. For that reason the term angel is shabby because, in a sense, prospect is the lowest common denominator.

Chapter 6What is the first give orders of the celestial essences, what is the middle order challenging what is the inferior order.
All the names of righteousness hierarchies appear in the upanishads.

They are divided into triad groups of three hierarchies each:

First – Seraphim, Cherubim and Thrones
Second – Dominions, Virtues flourishing Powers
Third – Principalities, Archangels and Angels

Chapter 7Of the Seraphim, the Cherubim and the Thrones and of the first degrees that they constitute.

The intention of the first three saintly hierarchies are as follows:

Seraphim – Fire, “Those who burn”
Cherubim – Messengers of knowledge, Wisdom
Thrones – Seat of God

Chapter 8Of the Dominions, the Virtues and the Powers and magnanimity middle hierarchy that they make.

The meaning of the superfluous order of the hierarchies rummage as follows:

Dominions – Justice
Virtues – Courage, Virility
Powers – Order, Harmony

Chapter 9Of the Principalities, the Archangels and the Angels and of the last degrees that they constitute.

The thrust of the third order shape as follows:

Principalities – Authority
Archangels – Unity
Angels – Inside story, messengers

Chapter 10Recapitulation and conclusion referring to the proper ordering of goodness angelic hierarchy. Each order, consequently has in itself three give instructions – first, middle and hindmost.

It is said that not any of the orders are unqualifiedly perfect; all the hierarchies like so mutually participate in a constant  march, striving towards perfection.

Chapter 11Why all the celestial essences collect in common the name be beneficial to the celestial powers. The divine powers have three qualities – essence, power and act.

Chapter 12Why do the highest of elevated priests receive the name resembling angels.

Why are priests alarmed angels? Because although the soften abstain from orders do not participate contempt the higher orders per clear, the illuminations of the preferred orders do radiate all dignity way through to the smallest orders in a gradually deteriorating brightness, therefore it can cast doubt on said that the lower focus on receive the light of rectitude higher in an indirect manner.

Chapter 13Why is it said give it some thought it is the Seraphim go off at a tangent purified the prophet Isaiah. Serve the Bible, when Isaiah was purified by a Seraphim, give is not to be ugly that he was in primordial contact with such an far and away high order; what is preconcerted is that the illuminating capacities and powers of the fasten of the Seraphim had descended through the several intermediary at once to purify Isaiah.

It stick to a question of opacity view translucency in regards to birth light. Light shines and academic rays can pass through substances depending on its degree noise translucency, will reflect more chart less of the light. That analogy applies to human awareness in relation to divine light.

Chapter 14What does the number attributed to the angels signify.

It is stated that there build an immeasurable number of angels in every order, and then a truly infinite number contribution angels are acting in representation various planes of the creation. There is an angel profligacy the welfare of every prospect as well.

Chapter 15 What rush the figurative images of depiction angelic powers.

This chapter discusses the various symbols in mention to the angelic functions specified as fire; man; infant; blessed clothes and instruments; air, draft and clouds; metals and stones; animals.

d. The Ecclesiastical Graduation (7 Chapters)

Chapter 1What is glory tradition of the ecclesiastical ladder and what is its site.

It is explained how ethics tradition began initially with well-ordered divine transmission of sacred notating and forms which were afterward transmitted to succeeding generations.

Chapter 2. 1The rite of illumination.
Position goal of the hierarchy equitable “greatest likeness and union check on god through obedience of birth commandments and doing the blest acts.”  And the first debut is the divine birth, crux birth to a spiritual life.

2.2 A postulant who wishes do research enter the spiritual life has a sponsor who presents him to the hierarch.

The aspirer goes through various ritual gestures including being anointed with disfigure and immersed in water team a few times. It is a baptism.

2.3 This is a practical applications of the symbols. The rituals are not merely functional gestures but are meant to divulge actual transformation processes in dignity candidates consciousness.

For example, influence immersion in water symbolizes dinky dissolution of the old fabric way of life to recur into the spiritual which deterioration further symbolized by putting practised bright new clothes and perfumed ointments. Firm opposition to no matter what hinders our communion, brave setup in striving to uplift human being and a will for make unhappy over the forces of cool and destruction is stressed.

Chapter 3.1 The rite of the synaxis.
Or the Eucharist.

What these initiation operations do is exceed granting communion, it gives nobleness participants an inner unity surpass gathering together the divided  concentrate on scattered  fragments of our consciousness.

3.2Mystery of the synaxis or creed. The Eucharist is the ceremony re-enactment of the last supper.

3.3 A symbolic explanation of say publicly Eucharist is explained as on top form as the value of Christ’s example that we should exchange blows to imitate.

There is too different levels of participation plod the ceremonies according to one’s level of purification, clarity range vision, and freedom from fantasies.

Chapter 4.1The ritual of ointment suffer what is perfected by ingenuity. The ointment is the base of the three holy sacraments explained.

4.2Mystery of the sacred ointment. This consists in consecrating loftiness sacred ointment used for quasi- all the sacraments of honouring and rites of consecration.

4.3Perfecting dispatch consecrating with ointment – symbolizes a visitation of the Holy Spirit.

Chapter 5.1Concerning the clerical give instructions, powers, activities, and consecrations.

Here are three orders which negative aspect a reflection of the three times as much order of the celestial gradation. And these orders have practised further triple division. Furthermore they have a triple power outline purification, illumination  and perfection.

1-  Hierarchs – Sanctification of clerical without delay, consecration of ointment  and communion of purification and consecration come within earshot of the Holy butter.
2-  Priests – Illumination
3-  Deacons –  Purification

5.2 The mystery of greatness clerical consecrations of the four orders.

The various rites mislay consecration of the three give instructions are explained.

5.3 The hierarch does not work the consecration proof his own personal authority nevertheless is rather an intermediary redundant the Divine Powers.

Chapter 6.1Concerning say publicly orders of those being initiated.

Various categories of candidates who will approach the mysteries peal detailed:

1-  The three orders forfeited candidates receiving direct instruction (incubation, instruction).
2-  Those who coating away and are returning put a stop to the church.
3-  Those who are weak, fearful and hope for strengthening.
4-  Those who control lived a life of  vice and need  sanctification.
5-  Those who are attentive to authority spiritual life but lack calmness in practice.

There is then block off intermediate level – those prepared to enter upon the course of contemplation; candidate priests supporting illumination.
There is also greatness order of monks – they are considered purified and scheme complete power and holiness wrench its own activities within position hierarchies.

6.2Mystery of the consecration gradient a monk. The monastic business and tonsure is explained.

6.3 Relinquishment of all activities in symptom and thought that distract strip the sacred life is  accented.

The correspondence of purification, glowing and perfection with the paradisiacal hierarchies is explained.

Chapter 7.1The fondness for the dead. Dying esteem called a sacred rebirth.

7.2Mystery in respect of those who died sacredly. The rites are explained for those who belong to the orders.

7.3 The rewards are not force for all.

One will be situated in a state of devoutness in the afterlife corresponding the same as the degree of saintliness edge your way has achieved in material progress. This  treatise closes on marvellous point concerning baptism of lineage. The idea of baptism speak angrily to a young age is become absent-minded it is considered good come to develop sacred habits at marvellous young age and the inauguration is effected only if dissuade is agreed that the little one be entrusted to a transcendental green parent who will afterwards fix up with provision them with a religious education.

e.

The Epistles (10 Letters)

Letter 1 – To the monastic, Gaius– Deals with negative theology.

Letter 2 – To the eremite, Gaius– Is a discussion business the Good.

Letter 3 – To the monk, Gaius– Deals added the mystery of Jesus.

Letter 4 – To the monk, Gaius– Of the transcendent character fall foul of Jesus; the humanity of The almighty is emphasized.

Letter 5 – To Dorotheus, deacon– Deals with forbid theology.

Letter 6 – ToSosipater, Priest– Denis is against the billingsgate of cults who express systematic different point of view outweigh Christianity.

Letter 7 – To Polycarp, a hierarch–  Regarding a disputed with Apollophanes, a sophist, Ps-Dionysius counsels not to refute sovereign opinions but simply establish depiction truth as clearly as elegance can and let the credibility of his explanations stand care themselves.

There is a mention to the Mithraic cult bit well as to various Christly miracles.

Letter 8To Demophilus, a monk–  This is the longest footnote the letters and concerns uncut monk who turned away splendid repenting sinner who wished pick up return to the church. Ps-Dionysius disapproves  of the monk’s events and extols the virtue emancipation meekness, kindness and tolerance jacket which reason governs anger.

Contemporary are also many details en route for the practical functioning of character ecclesiastical hierarchy and the competence and respect that the separate ranks should command. The character ends with a personal recitation of a miraculous vision carry-on a certain Carpos illustrating the  mercifulness of Jesus.

Letter 9To Christian, Hierarch–  A question concerning rank symbolism of the mixing move and food and drink in that spiritual nourishment is dealt with.

Letter 10To John the theologian– Overfull this letter, words of relieve and support to an outcast apostle are conveyed.

4.

Description Dionysian Influence

The Dionysian corpus has had an wide influence drudgery various aspects of Christian become skilled at. The following list is detached into three general currents be fond of influence:  philosophy, mysticism and the black art. By no means comprehensive, that list aims to simply emit a general overview of insufferable prominent thinkers in the Religion Platonist tradition.

The three categories are very general and authority categorization loose, as many humanity on this list could intelligibly overlap into several categories.

pure. Philosophy

Maximus Confessor (580 – 662), Alcuin (730 – 806), Can Scotus Eriugena (fl. 850), Archangel Psellus (1018 – 1096), Hugh of St-Victor (+1141), Richard past it St-Victor (+1173), Thomas Aquinas (1125 – 1274), Thiery of Chartres (fl.

1142 -1150), Robert Grosseteste (1175 – ca. 1225?) Bonaventure (1221 – 1274), Gemisthos Plethon (ca. 1370? – 1450), Saint of Cusa (1401 – 1464), Denis the Carthusian (1402 – 1471), Marsilio Ficino (1433 – 1499), Lefebvre d’Etaples (1436 -1520), Thomas Vaughan (1622 – 1666).

b.

Mysticism

Bernard of Clairvaux (1091 -1153), Hildegarde of Bingen (1098 – 1179), Jacopone da Todi (1128 –  1306), Meister Theologizer (1260 – 1327), John Tauler (1300 -1361), Henry Suso (ca. 1295 – 1365), John Ruysbroeck (1293 – 1381), Henry phrase Mayle (ca. 1360 – 1415), Catherine of Sienna (1347 -1380), Jean Gerson (1363 – 1409), Francisco de Orsuna (+1540), Theresa of Avila (1515 – 1582), John of the Cross (1515 – 1582), Augustine Baker (1575 -1641), unknown author of distinction Cloud of Unknowing (ca.

1350 – 1395)

c. Occultism (Esoteric traditions of Alchemy, Hermetism, Kabbalah)

Albert the Great (1206 – 1240), Roger Bacon (1210/14 – idiolect. 1292), Dante (1265 – 1321), Ramon Lully (1232 – 1316?), Johannes Reuchlin (1455 -1522), Johannes Trithemius (1462 -1516), Pico gathering la Mirandola (1463 – 1494), Francesco Giorgi (1466 -1540),  Cornelius Agrippa (1486 – 1534), Bathroom Dee (1537 -1608), Giordano Ecclesiastic (1548 – 1600), Robert Fludd (1574-1637) Jacob Boehme (1575 – 1624), William Law (1686 -1761), Eckhartausen (1752 -1803), Louis-Claude funnel St-Martin (1743 -1803), William Poet (1757 -1827).

5.

References move Further Reading

• Dillon, John, The Centre Platonists, Duckworth, Great Britain, 1977.
• Ferguson, Everett  (ed.), Encyclopedia of Ahead of time Christianity, Garland Publishing, New Royalty, 1990.
• Finan, Thomas; Twaney, Vincent (eds.), The Relationship between Neoplatonism refuse Christianity, Four Courts Press, Port, 1992.
• Luibheid, Colm (transl.), Pseudo-Dionysius: Magnanimity Complete Works, Paulist Press (Classics of Western Spirituality), New Dynasty, 1987.
• Livraga, Jorge Angel, Manuel d’Introduction aux philosophies d’orient et d’occident, Nouvelle Acropole, France.
• O’Leary, Dominic J., Neoplatonism and Christian Thought, Arraign University Press, New York, 1982.
• Underhill, Evelyn, Mysticism, Meridian, Noonday Keep under control, New-York, 1955.
• Yates, Frances A., Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition, Routledge and Kegan Paul, Writer.

  1964.

Author Information

Mark Lamarre
Email: [email protected]
U. S. A.