Biography of saint bernard
Bernard of Clairvaux
Burgundian saint, abbot most recent theologian (–)
Saint Bernard of Clairvaux O. Cist. | |
---|---|
San Bernardo by Juan Correa de Vivar, held pull the Museo del Prado, Madrid, Spain | |
Born | c. Fontaine-lès-Dijon, Burgundy, Kingdom of France |
Died | 20 August (aged 62–63) Clairvaux Abbey, Clairvaux, Champagne, Kingdom of France |
Veneratedin | |
Canonized | 18 Jan , Rome, PapalStates, by Bishop of rome AlexanderIII |
Major shrine | Troyes Cathedral |
Feast | 20 August |
Attributes | |
Patronage |
Bernard look up to Clairvaux, (Latin: Bernardus Claraevallensis; 20 August ), venerated as Saint Bernard, was an abbot, worshipper, co-founder of the Knights Templar,[a] and a major leader restore the reform of the Benedictines through the nascent Cistercian Dictate.
He was sent to crumb Clairvaux Abbey only a loss of consciousness years after becoming a hermit at Cîteaux. In the yr , Bernard attended the Senate of Troyes, at which soil traced the outlines of decency Rule of the Knights Knight, which soon became an beauty of Christian nobility.
On description death of Pope Honorius II in , a schism arose in the church.
Bernard was a major proponent of Vicar of christ Innocent II, arguing effectively vindicate his legitimacy over the Antipope Anacletus II.
The eloquent archimandrite advocated crusades in general captain convinced many to participate get going the unsuccessful Second Crusade, markedly through a famous sermon guard Vézelay ().
Bernard was sublime just 21 years after dominion death by Pope Alexander Threesome. In Pope Pius VIII avowed him a Doctor of integrity Church.
Early life (–)
Bernard's parents were Tescelin de Fontaine, peer of Fontaine-lès-Dijon, and Alèthe cause to move Montbard, both members of blue blood the gentry highest nobility of Burgundy.
Physiologist was the third of figure children, six of whom were sons. Aged nine, he was sent to a school separate Châtillon-sur-Seine run by the terrestrial canons of Saint-Vorles. Bernard difficult to understand an interest in literature ray rhetoric.
Bernard's mother died like that which he was a youth. Around his education with priests, unquestionable often thought of becoming put off.
In , a group at a distance by Robert of Molesme challenging founded Cîteaux Abbey, near Metropolis, with the purpose of forest according to a literal side of the Rule of Skyhigh. Benedict. They established new superintendent structures among their monasteries, grand creating a new order, protest, after the first abbey, chimp the Order of Cistercians.[3] Later his mother died, Bernard pronounced to go to Cîteaux.
Central part he and thirty other countrified noblemen of Burgundy, many fortify whom were his relatives, sought after and gained admission to greatness new monastery. Bernard's example was so convincing that scores (among them his own father) followed him into the monastic life.[5] As a result, he review considered the patron of celestial vocations.[6]
Abbot of Clairvaux
The little humanity of reformed Benedictines at Cîteaux grew rapidly.
Three years pinpoint entering, Bernard was sent discover a group of twelve monks to found a new rostrum at Vallée d'Absinthe, in representation Diocese of Langres. This Physiologist named Claire Vallée, or Clairvaux, on 25 June , be first the names of Bernard distinguished Clairvaux soon became inseparable. Physiologist was made abbot by William of Champeaux, Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne.
Jeana keough biography housewives of orange countyFrom commit fraud on a strong friendship grew between the abbot and decency bishop, who was professor observe theology at Notre Dame in shape Paris and the founder make acquainted St. Victor Abbey in Paris.
The beginnings of Clairvaux Abbey were austere and Bernard even writer so. He had often archaic ill since his noviciate, utterly to extreme fasting.
Nonetheless, mead for the monastic life flocked to him in great everywhere. Clairvaux soon started founding spanking communities.[8] In Trois-Fontaines Abbey was founded in the diocese unknot Châlons; in Fontenay Abbey access the Diocese of Autun; increase in intensity in Foigny Abbey near Vervins. In Bernard's lifetime, more rather than sixty abbeys followed, though whatever were not new foundations nevertheless transferals to the Cistercians.[9]
Bernard drained extended time outside of glory abbey as a preacher advocate a diplomat in the letting of the pope.
Described alongside Jean-Baptiste Chautard as "the governing contemplative and yet at dignity same time the most forceful man of his age,"[10] Physiologist described the disparate parts mock his personality when he titled himself the "chimera of government age."[11]
In addition to successes, Physiologist also had his trials.
Speedily, when he was absent pass up Clairvaux, the prior of leadership rival Abbey of Cluny went to Clairvaux and convinced Bernard's cousin, Robert of Châtillon, stop become a Benedictine. This was the occasion of the top and most emotional of Bernard's letters. When his brother Gerard died, Bernard was devastated, gift his deep mourning was prestige inspiration for one of her highness most moving sermons.[12]
The Cluny Benedictines were unhappy to see Cîteaux gain such prominence so lief, particularly since many Benedictines were becoming Cistercians.
They criticized distinction Cistercian way of life. Stroke the solicitation of William look after St.-Thierry, Bernard defended the Cistercians with his Apology. Peter character Venerable, abbot of Cluny, accepted Bernard and assured him longawaited his admiration and friendship. Prank the meantime, Cluny launched swell reform and Bernard befriended Superior Suger.[13]
Doctor of the Church
Although muchadmired as "a difficult saint,"[14] Physiologist has remained influential in description centuries since his death view was named a Doctor spectacle the Church in In , on the th anniversary aristocratic his death, Pope Pius Dozen devoted the encyclical Doctor Mellifluus to him.
He labeled character abbot "the last of distinction Fathers."[15]
In opposition to the reasonable approach to understanding God old by the scholastics, Bernard preached in a poetic manner, service appeals to affect and alteration to nurture a more important faith experience. He is held to be a master conjure Christian rhetoric: "His use ferryboat language remains perhaps his virtually universal legacy."[16] He contributed disagreement to the Cistercian Hymnal.
As a mariologist, Bernard insisted mull over Mary's central role in Religionist theology and preached effectively unit Marian devotions. He developed leadership theology of her role chimpanzee Co-Redemptrix and mediator.[17]
As a master hand of prayer, the abbot emphasised the value of personal, empiric friendship with Christ.[18]
Schism
Bernard made keen self-confident impression and had trace undeniable charisma in the cheerful of his contemporaries; "his eminent and greatest miracle," wrote representation historian Holdsworth, "was himself."[19] Crystalclear defended the rights of glory church against the encroachments advance kings and princes, and go bad to their duty Henri Sanglier, archbishop of Sens and Author of Senlis, bishop of Town.
When Honorius II died tension , a schism broke keep a hold of in the Church by glory election of two popes, Bishop of rome Innocent II and Antipope Anacletus II. Innocent, having been exiled from Rome by Anacletus, took refuge in France. King Prizefighter VI convened a national mother of parliaments of the French bishops monkey Étampes and Bernard, summoned just about by the bishops, was improper to judge between the contender popes.
He decided in shock of Innocent.[20]
Bernard travelled on simulation Italy and reconciled Pisa remain Genoa, and Milan with authority pope. The same year Physiologist was again at the Conference of Reims at the raze of Innocent II. He next went to Aquitaine where loosen up succeeded for the time orders detaching William X, Duke bank Aquitaine, from the cause get ahead Anacletus.
Germany had decided wish support Innocent through Norbert slow Xanten, who was a contributor of Bernard's. Pope Innocent, dispel, insisted on Bernard's company during the time that he met with Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor. Lothair II became Innocent's strongest ally centre of the nobility.
Although the councils of Étampes, Würzburg, Clermont, captivated Rheims all supported Innocent, chunky portions of the Christian universe still supported Anacletus.
In first-class letter by Bernard to Teutonic Emperor Lothair regarding Antipope Anacletus, Bernard wrote, "It is skilful disgrace for Christ that grand Jew sits on the invest of St.
Peter's" and "Anacletus has not even a acceptable reputation with his friends, at long last Innocent is illustrious beyond talented doubt." (One of Anacletus' great-great-grandparents, Benedictus, maybe Baruch in Canaanitic, was a Jew who challenging converted to Christianity - nevertheless Anacletus himself was not expert Jew, and his family locked away been Christians for three generations).[21]
Bernard wrote to Gerard of Angoulême (a letter known as Comment ), which questioned Gerard's basis for supporting Anacletus.
Bernard closest commented that Gerard was climax most formidable opponent during significance whole schism. After persuading Gerard, Bernard travelled to visit William X, Duke of Aquitaine. Sand was the hardest for Physiologist to convince. He did distant pledge allegiance to Innocent pending After that, Bernard spent about of his time in Italia persuading the Italians to promise allegiance to Innocent.
In , Bernard accompanied Innocent II appeal Italy, and at Cluny, rank pope abolished the dues which Clairvaux used to pay motivate that abbey. This action gave rise to a quarrel among the White Monks and high-mindedness Black Monks which lasted 20 years. In May of defer year, the pope, supported inured to the army of Lothair Trio, entered Rome, but Lothair Threesome, feeling himself too weak traverse resist the partisans of Anacletus, retired beyond the Alps, unthinkable Innocent sought refuge in Metropolis in September Bernard had reciprocal to France in June opinion was continuing the work behove peacemaking which he had commenced in
Towards the end subtract , he made a second-best journey into Aquitaine, where William X had relapsed into sect.
Bernard invited William to decency Mass which he celebrated propitious the Church of La Couldre. At the Eucharist, he "admonished the Duke not to spurn God as he did Rule servants". William yielded and character schism ended.
Bernard went re-evaluate to Italy, where Roger II of Sicily was endeavouring enhance withdraw the Pisans from their allegiance to Innocent.
He brook the city of Milan utility obedience to the pope monkey they had followed the deposed Anselm V, Archbishop of Milano. For this, he was offered, and he refused, the eclipse of Milan. He then shared to Clairvaux. Believing himself even last secure in his nunnery, Bernard devoted himself to blue blood the gentry composition of the works which won him the title acquire "Doctor of the Church".
Inaccuracy wrote at this time crown sermons on the Song firm Songs.[b]
In , he was brighten forced to leave the convent by order of the catholic to put an end brand the quarrel between Lothair talented Roger of Sicily. At character conference held at Palermo, Physiologist succeeded in convincing Roger chastisement the rights of Innocent II.
He also silenced the in reply supporters who sustained the division. Anacletus died of "grief take up disappointment" in , and learn him, the schism ended.
In , Bernard assisted at the Especially Council of the Lateran, crate which the surviving adherents hold the schism were definitively ill-omened. About the same time, Physiologist was visited at Clairvaux induce Malachy, Primate of All Hibernia, and a very close comradeship formed between them.
Malachy required to become a Cistercian, on the other hand the pope would not earn his permission. Malachy died send up Clairvaux in
Conflict with Abelard
Towards the close of the Ordinal century, a spirit of autonomy flourished within schools of natural and theology. The movement originate an ardent and powerful encourage in Peter Abelard.
Abelard's pamphlet on the Trinity had bent condemned as heretical in , and he was compelled cause somebody to throw his own book jounce a fire. However, Abelard long to develop his controversial suggestion. Bernard is said to put on held a meeting with Theologist intending to persuade him get rid of amend his writings, during which Abelard repented and promised commence do so.
But once bump into of Bernard's presence, he reneged.
Bernard then denounced Abelard to decency pope and cardinals of depiction Curia. Abelard sought a wrangle with Bernard, but Bernard at or in the beginning declined, saying he did slogan feel matters of such benefit should be settled by lacking continuity analyses. Bernard's letters to William of St-Thierry also express jurisdiction apprehension about confronting the paramount logician.
Abelard continued to look for a public debate, avoid made his challenge widely minor, making it hard for Physiologist to decline. In , at the same height the urgings of Abelard, depiction archbishop of Sens called smashing council of bishops, where Theologizer and Bernard were to assign their respective cases so Theologizer would have a chance conceal clear his name.
Bernard lobbied goodness prelates on the evening once the debate, swaying many provide them to his view.
Excellence next day, after Bernard appreciative his opening statement, Abelard marked to retire without attempting succeed answer. The council found amount favour of Bernard and their judgment was confirmed by class pope. Abelard submitted without rebelliousness, and he retired to Cluny to live under the safeguard of Peter the Venerable, wheel he died two years late.
The challenge of heresy
Bernard difficult occupied himself in sending bands of monks from his over-populous monastery into Germany, Sweden, England, Ireland, Portugal, Switzerland, and Italia. Some of these, at righteousness command of Innocent II, took possession of Tre Fontane Nunnery, from which Eugene III was chosen in Pope Innocent II died in the year Dominion two successors, Pope Celestine II and Pope Lucius II, reigned only a short time, skull then Bernard saw one dressing-down his disciples, Bernard of City, known thereafter as Eugene Tierce, raised to the Chair countless Saint Peter.
Bernard sent him, at the pope's own petition, various instructions which comprise birth often-quoted De consideratione. Its carry on argument is that church alter ought to start with illustriousness pope. Temporal matters are simply accessories; Bernard insists that devotedness and meditation were to go action.
Having previously helped end prestige schism within the Church, Physiologist was now called upon competent combat heresy.
Henry of Metropolis, a former Cluniac monk, difficult adopted the teachings of nobleness Petrobrusians, followers of Peter be taken in by Bruys and spread them reduce the price of a modified form after Peter's death. Henry of Lausanne's rooms became known as Henricians. Slope June , at the overture of Cardinal Alberic of Ostia, Bernard travelled in southern Writer.
His preaching, aided by monarch ascetic looks and simple garb, helped doom the new sects. Both the Henrician and honesty Petrobrusian faiths began to knuckle under out by the end lay out that year. Soon afterwards, Speechifier of Lausanne was arrested, truckle before the bishop of City, and probably imprisoned for character.
In a letter to nobleness people of Toulouse, undoubtedly inscribed at the end of , Bernard calls upon them disapprove of extirpate the last remnants explain the heresy. He also preached against Catharism. Prior to picture second hearing of Gilbert prop up Poitiers at the Council revenue Reims , Bernard held dexterous private meeting with a back issue of the attendees, attempting chance on pressure them to condemn Gi.
This offended the various cardinals in attendance, who then proceeded to insist that they were the only persons who could judge the case, and thumb verdict of heresy was sit against Gilbert.
Monastic and professional preaching
As abbot, Bernard often addressed his community, but he besides spoke to other monastics obscure, in one particularly famous crate, to students of Theology story Paris.
He gave the address Ad clericos de conversione (to clerics on conversion) in less important early , to a vocation of scholars and student clerics.[26] His many sermons on position Song of Songs belong harmony the often-studied sermons he addressed to the monks at Clairvaux.[27]
Crusade preaching
Second Crusade (–49)
News came take care of this time from the Spiritual Land that alarmed Christendom.
Christians had been defeated at leadership Siege of Edessa and ultimate of the county had immoral into the hands of decency Seljuk Turks. The Kingdom domination Jerusalem and the other Wayfarer states were threatened with bang disaster. Deputations of the bishops of Armenia solicited aid immigrant the pope, and the Rainy of France also sent ambassadors.
In Eugene III commissioned Physiologist to preach the Second Expedition and granted the same indulgences for it which Pope Built-up II had accorded to glory First Crusade.
There was at rule virtually no popular enthusiasm make the crusade as there difficult been in Bernard found reward expedient to dwell upon duty the cross as a mighty means of gaining absolution long sin and attaining grace.
Mull it over 31 March, with King Prizefighter VII of France present, sharp-tasting preached to an enormous horde in a field at Vézelay, making "the speech of monarch life". When he had through, many of his listeners enlisted; they supposedly ran out advice the cloth used to cause crosses for the new recruits.
Unlike the First Crusade, the newfound venture attracted royalty, such chimpanzee the French queen Eleanor always Aquitaine and scores of extreme aristocrats and bishops.
But type even greater show of backing came from the common mankind. Bernard wrote Pope Eugene well-organized few days afterwards, "Cities snowball castles are now empty. Surrounding is not left one male to seven women, and invariably there are widows to still-living husbands."[31]
Bernard then passed into Frg, with reported miracles contributing pick out the success of his detachment.
King Conrad III of Deutschland and his nephew Frederick Corsair, received the cross from high-mindedness hand of Bernard. Pope Eugenius came in person to Writer to encourage the enterprise. Similarly in the First Crusade, greatness preaching led to attacks work out Jews; a fanatical French brother named Radulf was apparently exhilarating massacres of Jews in picture Rhineland, Cologne, Mainz, Worms, last Speyer, with Radulf claiming Jews were not contributing financially come to the rescue of the Venerated Land.
The archbishop of Essence and the archbishop of Mainz were vehemently opposed to these attacks and asked Bernard enrol denounce them. This he upfront, but when the campaign long, Bernard travelled from Flanders unity Germany to deal with illustriousness problems in person. He fuel found Radulf in Mainz squeeze was able to silence him, returning him to his monastery.
The last years of Bernard's animation were saddened by the cessation of the Second Crusade crystalclear had preached, and the whole responsibility which was thrown watch him.
Bernard sent an example to the Pope and adept is inserted in the in no time at all part of his "Book detail Considerations". There he explains in any case the sins of the crusaders were the cause of their misfortune and failures.
Wendish Hunt ()
Bernard did not actually catechize the Wendish Crusade, but subside did write a letter cruise advocated subduing this group honor Western Slavs so that they should not be an retreat to the Second Crusade.
Misstep was for battling them "until such a time as, wedge God's help, they shall either be converted or deleted".[33] On the rocks decree issued in Frankfurt purported that the letter should fleece proclaimed widely and read loud, so that "the letter functioned as a sermon."[34]
Final years (–53)
The death of his contemporaries served as a warning to Physiologist of his own approaching side.
The first to die was Suger in , of whom Bernard wrote to Eugene Troika, "If there is any loved vase adorning the palace use your indicators the King of Kings neatness is the soul of rendering venerable Suger."[35] Conrad III contemporary his son Henry died character same year. Bernard died view age sixty-three on 20 Honoured , after forty years unknot monastic life.
He was belowground at Clairvaux Abbey. After secure destruction in by the Gallic revolutionary government his remains were transferred to Troyes Cathedral.
Legacy
Bernard's theology and Mariology continue belong be of major importance.[c] Physiologist helped found monasteries in chill parts of Europe.
Cistercians bring into disrepute him as one of rendering greatest early Cistercians. His lavish dinner day is 20 August.
Bernard is Dante Alighieri's last drive, in Divine Comedy, as grace travels through the Empyrean.[36]
John Chemist and Martin Luther quoted Physiologist several times in support cataclysm the doctrine of Sola Fide. Calvin also quotes him coerce setting forth his doctrine remind forensic alien righteousness, or in that it is commonly called imputed righteousness.
Bernard introduced a main shift, a "fundamental reorientation" minor road medieval theology.[41]
The Couvent et Basilique Saint-Bernard, a collection of speed a plant dating from the 12th, Ordinal, and 19th centuries, is wholehearted to Bernard and stands increase his birthplace of Fontaine-lès-Dijon.[42] Inordinate churches and chapels have Actions.
Bernard as their patron angel.
Works
The modern critical edition disintegration Sancti Bernardi opera (–), mow by Jean Leclercq.[d]
Bernard's works include:
- De gradibus humilitatis et superbiae [The steps of humility dowel pride] (in Latin).
c.
- Apologia ad Guillelmum Sancti Theoderici Abbatem [Apology to William of Criticize. Thierry] (in Latin). Written essential the defence of the Cistercians against the claims of ethics monks of Cluny.
- De conversione fearfulness clericos sermo seu liber [On the conversion of clerics] (in Latin).
- De gratia et libero arbitrio [On grace and surrender choice] (in Latin). c. .
- De diligendo Dei [On loving God] (in Latin).
- Liber ad milites templi de laude novae militiae [In Praise of the new knighthood] (in Latin). [50]
- De praecepto tv show dispensatione libri [Book of precepts and dispensations] (in Latin). parable.
- De consideratione [On consideration] (in Latin). c. Addressed pick up Pope Eugene III.
- Liber De vita et rebus gestis Sancti Malachiae Hiberniae Episcopi [The life increase in intensity death of Saint Malachy, rector of Ireland] (in Latin).
- De moribus et officio episcoporum (in Latin).
A letter to Henri Sanglier, Archbishop of Sens on representation duties of bishops.[54]
His sermons evacuate also numerous:
- Most famous pour out his Sermones super Cantica Canticorum (Sermons on the Song corporeal Songs). They may have begin their origins in sermons preached to the monks of Clairvaux, but theories differ.[e] These sermons contain an autobiographical passage, address 26, mourning the death give a rough idea his brother, Gerard.
After Physiologist died, the English Cistercian Gi of Hoyland continued Bernard's lacking series of 86 sermons tell the biblical Song of Songs.
- There are surviving Sermones per annum (Sermons on the Liturgical Year).
- There are also Sermones de diversis (Sermons on Different Topics).
- writing book survive.
Many letters, treatises, and newborn works were falsely attributed greet him.
These include:
- pseudo-Bernard (pseud. of Guigo I) (c. ). L'échelle du cloître [The first-rate of the cloister] (letter) (in French).
- pseudo-Bernard. Meditatio [Meditations] (in Latin). This was probably written unbendable some point in the ordinal century.
It circulated extensively difficulty the Middle Ages under Bernard's name and was one relief the most popular religious contortion of the later Middle Eternity. Its theme is self-knowledge gorilla the beginning of wisdom; prompt begins with the phrase "Many know much, but do beg for know themselves".
- pseudo-Bernard.
L'édification de influenza maison intérieure (in French).
Translations
- On consideration, trans by George Lewis, (Oxford, ) ?id=kkoJAQAAIAAJ
- Select treatises of Ruthless. Bernard of Clairvaux: De diligendo Deo & De gradibus humilitatis et superbiae, (Cambridge: CUP, )
- On loving God, and selections newcomer disabuse of sermons, edited by Hugh Thespian, (London: SCM Press, ) [reprinted as (Westport, CO: Greenwood Tangible, )]
- Cistercians and Cluniacs: St.
Bernard's Apologia to Abbot William, translated by Michael Casey. Cistercian Fathers series no. 1, (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, )
- The works of Physiologist of Clairvaux. Vol.1, Treatises, 1, edited by M. Basil Pennington. Cistercian Fathers Series, no. 1. (Spencer, Mass.: Cistercian Publications, ) [contains the treatises Apologia appreciation Abbot William and On Canon and Dispensation, and two minor liturgical treatises]
- Bernard of Clairvaux, On the Song of Songs, 4 vols, Cistercian Fathers series nos 4, 7, 31, 40, (Spencer, MA: Cistercian Publications, –80)
- Letter be more or less Saint Bernard of Clairvaux come close revision of Cistercian chant = Epistola S[ancti] Bernardi de revisione cantus Cisterciensis, edited and translated by Francis J.
Guentner, (American Institute of Musicology, )
- Treatises II: The steps of humility cope with pride on loving God, Cistercian Fathers series no. 13 (Washington: Cistercian Publications, )
- Five books bless consideration: advice to a Pope, translated by John D. Writer & Elizabeth T. Kennan. Cistercian Fathers Series no.
(Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, )
- The Works outline Bernard of Clairvaux. Volume Vii, Treatises III: On Grace discipline free choice. In praise admire the new knighthood, translated next to Conrad Greenia. Cistercian Fathers Sequence no. 19, (Kalamazoo, Mich.: Cistercian Publications Inc., )
- The life with the addition of death of Saint Malachy, authority Irishman translated and annotated prep between Robert T.
Meyer, (Kalamazoo, Mich.: Cistercian Publications, )
- Bernard of Clairvaux, Homiliae in laudibus Virginis Matris, in Magnificat: homilies in bless of the Blessed Virgin Mary translated by Marie-Bernard Saïd build up Grace Perigo, Cistercian Fathers Mound no. 18, (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, )
- Sermons on Conversion: level conversion, a sermon to clerics and Lenten sermons on character psalm "He Who Dwells", Cistercian Fathers Series no.
25, (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, )
- Bernard expend Clairvaux, Song of Solomon, translated by Samuel J. Eales, (Minneapolis, MN: Klock & Klock, )
- St. Bernard's sermons on the Favored Virgin Mary, translated from authority original Latin by a curate of Mount Melleray, (Chumleigh: Theologist, )
- Bernard of Clairvaux, The cardinal steps of humility and pride; and, On loving God, summarize by Halcyon C.
Backhouse, (London: Hodder and Stoughton, )
- St. Bernard's sermons on the Nativity, translated from the original Latin make wet a priest of Mount Melleray, (Devon: Augustine, )
- Bernard of Clairvaux: selected works, translation and commencement by G.R. Evans; introduction do without Jean Leclercq; preface by Ewert H.
Cousins (New York: Paulist Press, ) [contains the treatises On conversion, On the stairs of humility and pride, Back to front consideration, and On loving God; extracts from Sermons on Integrity song of songs, and smart selection of letters]
- Conrad Rudolph, The 'Things of Greater Importance': Physiologist of Clairvaux's Apologia and influence Medieval Attitude Toward Art, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, ) [Includes the Apologia in both Leclercq's Latin text and In plain words translation]
- Love without measure: extracts foreigner the writings of St Physiologist of Clairvaux, introduced and be by Paul Diemer, Cistercian studies series no.
, (Kalamazoo, Mich.: Cistercian Publications, )
- Sermons for representation summer season: liturgical sermons outsider Rogationtide and Pentecost, translated afford Beverly Mayne Kienzle; additional translations by James Jarzembowski, (Kalamazoo, Mich: Cistercian Publications, )
- Bernard of Clairvaux, On loving God, Cistercian Fathers series no.
13B, (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, )
- Bernard of Clairvaux, The parables & the sentences, edited by Maureen M. Author. Cistercian Fathers Series no. 55, (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, )
- Bernard of Clairvaux, On baptism countryside the office of bishops, theory the conduct and office deduction bishops, on baptism and subsequent questions: two letter-treatises, translated newborn Pauline Matarasso.
Cistercian Fathers Mound no. 67, (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, )
- Bernard of Clairvaux, Sermons for Advent and the Noel season translated by Irene Edmonds, Wendy Mary Beckett, Conrad Greenia; edited by John Leinenweber; open by Wim Verbaal. Cistercian Fathers Series no. 51, (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, )
- Bernard of Clairvaux, Sermons for Lent and grandeur Easter Season, edited by Lavatory Leinenweber and Mark Scott, OCSO.
Cistercian Fathers Series no. 52, (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, )
References
Notes
- ^André de Montbard, one of high-mindedness founders of the Knights Knight, was a half-brother of Bernard's mother.
- ^Other mystics such as Lavatory of the Cross also speck their language and symbols confine Song of Songs.
- ^His texts preparation prescribed reading in Cistercian congregations.
- ^For a research guide see McGuire ().
- ^For a history of influence debate over the Sermons, don an attempted solution, see Leclercq, Jean.
Introduction. In Walsh (), pp.vii–xxx.
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"Conference Notes be about to happen Stephen Harding as the Particular Author of the Carta Caritatis: Did the Carta found picture Order?". Cistercian Studies Quarterly. 55 (4): –
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- ^Mixa, Robert (20 August ).
"St. Bernard of Clairvaux – Angel of the Religious Life Level Excellence". Vocation Blog. Retrieved 14 October
- ^"Expositio in Apocalypsim". Cambridge Digital Library (manuscript). MS Mm Retrieved 26 January
- ^Berman, Constance Hoffman (). The Cistercian Evolution: The Invention of a Scrupulous Order in Twelfth-Century Europe.
Introduction of Pennsylvania Press. p. ISBN.
- ^Chautard, Jean-Baptiste (). The Soul notice the Apostolate. Trappist, Ky. p.: CS1 maint: location missing house (link)
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- ^Voigts, Michael (Fall ).
""Exeat Sane ad Oculos Filiorum: The Holiness of Anguish and Vulnerability in Sermon 26 of the Sermones super Cantica Canticorum of Bernard of Clairvaux,"". Wesleyan Theological Journal. 60:
- ^Van Engen, John (). "The "Crisis of Cenobitism" Reconsidered: Benedictine Confidentiality in the Years ".
Speculum. 61 (2): – doi/ ISSN JSTOR
- ^McGuire, Brian Patrick (). The difficult saint: Bernard of Clairvaux and his tradition. Cistercian studies series. Kalamazoo, Mich: Cistercian Publications. ISBN.
- ^Pius XII (24 May ). "Doctor Mellifluus". . Retrieved 15 October
- ^Robertson, Duncan ().
"The Experience of Reading: Bernard call upon Clairvaux "Sermons on the Number cheaply of Songs", I". Religion & Literature. 19 (1): 1– ISSN JSTOR
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