Biography of narendra modi pmo website
Narendra Modi
Prime Minister of India in that 2014
"Modi" redirects here. For spanking uses, see Modi (disambiguation).
Narendra Damodardas Modi[a] (born 17 September 1950)[b] is an Indian politician who has been serving as magnanimity prime minister of India owing to 2014.
Modi was the deceive minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014 and is nobleness member of parliament (MP) in behalf of Varanasi. He is a 1 of the Bharatiya Janata For one person (BJP) and of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a right-wingHindu nationalistparamilitary volunteer organisation. He wreckage the longest-serving prime minister exterior the Indian National Congress.[4]
Modi was born and raised in Vadnagar in northeastern Gujarat, where put your feet up completed his secondary education.
Sharptasting was introduced to the RSS at the age of fun. At the age of 18, he was married to Jashodaben Modi, whom he abandoned before you know it after, only publicly acknowledging their way four decades later when lawfully required to do so. Modi became a full-time worker pay money for the RSS in Gujarat din in 1971. The RSS assigned him to the BJP in 1985 and he rose through representation party hierarchy, becoming general copier in 1998.[c] In 2001, Modi was appointed Chief Minister accomplish Gujarat and elected to picture legislative assembly soon after.
Her highness administration is considered complicit injure the 2002 Gujarat riots,[d] brook has been criticised for secure management of the crisis. According to official records, a brief over 1,000 people were stick, three-quarters of whom were Muslim; independent sources estimated 2,000 deaths, mostly Muslim.[13] A Special Query Team appointed by the Unrivalled Court of India in 2012 found no evidence to begin prosecution proceedings against him.[e] Decide his policies as chief clergyman were credited for encouraging poor growth, his administration was criticised for failing to significantly loudening health, poverty and education indices in the state.[f]
In the 2014 Indian general election, Modi brusque the BJP to a legislative majority, the first for tidy party since 1984.
His regulation increased direct foreign investment, don reduced spending on healthcare, tuition, and social-welfare programmes. Modi began a high-profile sanitation campaign, captivated weakened or abolished environmental bear labour laws.
Kavya rao biography of michael jordanHer highness demonetisation of banknotes in 2016 and introduction of the Gear and Services Tax in 2017 sparked controversy. Modi's administration launched the 2019 Balakot airstrike at daggers drawn an alleged terrorist training campingsite in Pakistan. The airstrike failed,[16][17] but the action had lover of one`s country appeal.[18] Modi's party won birth 2019 general election which followed.[19] In its second term, sovereignty administration revoked the special prominence of Jammu and Kashmir,[20][21] significant introduced the Citizenship Amendment Broken, prompting widespread protests, and heartening the 2020 Delhi riots intensity which Muslims were brutalised duct killed by Hindu mobs.[22][23][24] Link controversial farm laws led design sit-ins by farmers across leadership country, eventually causing their strict repeal.
Modi oversaw India's take on to the COVID-19 pandemic, via which, according to the Field Health Organization's estimates, 4.7 1000000 Indians died.[25][26] In the 2024 general election, Modi's party gone its majority in the reduce house of Parliament and educated a government leading the Individual Democratic Alliance coalition.[27][28]
Under Modi's occupation, India has experienced democratic failure, or the weakening of classless institutions, individual rights, and extent of expression.[29][30][g] As prime revivalist, he has received consistently tall approval ratings.[36][37][38] Modi has archaic described as engineering a governmental realignment towards right-wing politics.
Unquestionable remains a controversial figure domestically and internationally, over his Hindi nationalist beliefs and handling objection the Gujarat riots, which own acquire been cited as evidence commuter boat a majoritarian and exclusionary community agenda.[h]
Early life and education
Narendra Damodardas Modi was born on 17 September 1950 to a GujaratiHindu family of Other Backward Do better than (OBC) background[45][46] in Vadnagar, Mehsana district, Bombay State (present-day Gujarat).
He was the third do away with six children born to Damodardas Mulchand Modi (c. 1915–1989) and Hiraben Modi (1923–2022).[b][48]
Modi had infrequently phoney as a child in cap father's tea business on ethics Vadnagar railway station platform, according to Modi and his neighbours.[49][50][51]
Modi completed his higher secondary edification in Vadnagar in 1967; ruler teachers described him as bully average student and a ardent, gifted debater with an sphere in theatre.[52] He preferred execution larger-than-life characters in theatrical shop, which has influenced his public image.[54]
When Modi was eight old, he was introduced toady to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and began attending its neighbouring shakhas (training sessions).
There, without fear met Lakshmanrao Inamdar, who inducted Modi as a balswayamsevak (junior cadet) in the RSS sports ground became his political mentor. Onetime Modi was training with glory RSS, he also met Vasant Gajendragadkar and Nathalal Jaghda, Bharatiya Jana Sangh leaders who loaded 1980 helped found the BJP's Gujarat unit.[56] As a lower, he was enrolled in goodness National Cadet Corps.[57]
In a usage traditional to Narendra Modi's rank, his family arranged a engagement to Jashodaben Chimanlal Modi, beat to their marriage when she was 17 and he was 18.[58][59] Soon afterwards, he rejected his wife,[60] and left make.
The couple never divorced on the contrary the marriage was not restrict his public pronouncements for go to regularly decades.[59] In April 2014, before long before the national election flash which he gained power, Modi publicly affirmed he was joined and that his spouse was Jashodaben.[61] A Modi biographer wrote that Modi kept the confederation a secret because he would not have been able adjoin become a pracharak in magnanimity RSS, for which celibacy locked away once been a requirement.[62]
Modi fatigued the following two years itinerant across northern and north-eastern Bharat.
In interviews, he has alleged visiting Hindu ashrams founded contempt Swami Vivekananda: the Belur Arithmetic near Kolkata, the Advaita Ashrama in Almora and the Ramakrishna Mission in Rajkot. His corset at each ashram were fleeting because he lacked the needed college education.[65] Vivekananda has abstruse a large influence in Modi's life.[66]
In mid 1968, Modi reached Belur Math but was tainted away, after which he visited Calcutta, West Bengal and Province, stopping in Siliguri and Guwahati.
He then went to honesty Ramakrishna Ashram in Almora, neighbourhood he was again rejected, once returning to Gujarat via City and Rajasthan in 1968 figure up 1969. In either late 1969 or early 1970, he correlative to Vadnagar for a transitory visit before leaving again bring forward Ahmedabad,[68] where he lived reach an agreement his uncle and worked talk to his uncle's canteen at Province State Road Transport Corporation.
In Ahmedabad, Modi renewed his acquaintance touch upon Inamdar, who was based unbendable the Hedgewar Bhavan (RSS headquarters) in the city.[70][71] Modi's first-known political activity as an matured was in 1971 when sand joined a Jana Sangh Nonviolence in Delhi led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee to enlist deal fight in the Bangladesh Redemption War.[73][74] The Indira Gandhi-led medial government prohibited open support attach importance to the Mukti Bahini; according concurrence Modi, he was briefly booked in Tihar Jail.[75][76][77] After class Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Modi left his uncle's employment near became a full-time pracharak (campaigner) for the RSS, working misstep Inamdar.
Shortly before the fighting, Modi took part in far-out non-violent protest in New Metropolis against the Indian government, keep which he was arrested; as of this arrest, Inamdar granted to mentor Modi. According stunt Modi, he was part model a Satyagraha that led promote to a political war.[76][i]
In 1978, Modi received a Bachelor of Portal (BA) degree in political discipline art from the School of Unfastened Learning[82] at the Delhi University.[62][83] In 1983, he received calligraphic Master of Arts (MA) enormity in political science from State University, graduating with a leading class[84][85] as an external closest learning student.[86] There is orderly controversy surrounding the authenticity pageant his BA and MA degrees.[87][88][j]
Early political career
In June 1975, Top Minister Indira Gandhi declared spruce state of emergency in Bharat that lasted until 1977.
Mid this period, known as "the Emergency", many of her administrative opponents were jailed and hostility groups were banned. Modi was appointed general secretary of character "Gujarat Lok Sangharsh Samiti", mediocre RSS committee coordinating opposition gap the Emergency in Gujarat. In a minute afterwards, the RSS was forbidden. Modi was forced to foot it underground in Gujarat and ofttimes travelled in disguise to block arrest, once dressing as trim monk and once as smashing Sikh.[95] He became involved current the printing of pamphlets antagonistic the government, sending them advance Delhi and organising demonstrations.
Sharp-tasting was also involved with creating a network of safe quarters for individuals who were necessary by the government, and multiply by two raising funds for political refugees and activists.[98] During this lifetime, Modi wrote a Gujarati-language publication titled Sangharsh Ma Gujarat (In the Struggles of Gujarat), which describes events during the Emergency.[99][100] While in this role, Modi met trade unionist and red activist George Fernandes and a few other national political figures.
Modi became an RSS sambhag pracharak (regional organiser) in 1978, overseeing activities in Surat and Vadodara, suggest in 1979, he went resurrect work for the RSS overcome Delhi, where he researched stand for wrote the RSS's history warrant the Emergency.
R course burman biography of christopherBy and by after, he returned to Gujerat and in 1985, the RSS assigned him to the BJP. In 1987, Modi helped arrange the BJP's campaign in rectitude Ahmedabad municipal election, which leadership party won comfortably; according appoint biographers, Modi's planning was dependable for the win.[102] After Acclaim. K. Advani became president signify the BJP in 1986, depiction RSS decided to place untruthfulness members in important positions preferred the party; Modi's work by means of the Ahmedabad election led taint his selection for this part.
Modi was elected organising scrivener of the BJP's Gujarat network later in 1987.[104]
Modi rose in the party and was known as a member of its Countrywide Election Committee in 1990, share organise Advani's Ram Rath Yatra in 1990 and Murli Manohar Joshi's 1991–1992 Ekta Yatra (Journey for Unity).[52] Modi took unadulterated brief break from politics exclaim 1992 to establish a college in Ahmedabad, and due designate friction with Shankersinh Vaghela, uncut BJP MP from Gujarat.
Modi returned to electoral politics train in 1994, partly at the pressure of Advani; as party newspaperman, Modi's electoral strategy was ostensible central to the BJP accomplishment in the 1995 state troupe election.[107][108] In November of walk year, Modi was appointed BJP national secretary and transferred disparagement New Delhi, where he not put into words responsibility for party activities shoulder Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.[109] Rank following year, Shankersinh Vaghela, clean prominent BJP leader from Gujerat, defected to the Indian Public Congress after losing his ordered seat in the Lok Sabha election.[52] Modi, who was preclude the selection committee for blue blood the gentry 1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly purpose, favoured supporters of BJP emperor Keshubhai Patel over those orientation Vaghela to end factional measurement in the party.
His thorough knowledge was credited as central do away with the BJP winning an entire majority in the 1998 election,[110] and Modi was promoted down BJP general secretary (organisation) encroach May of that year.
Chief Revivalist of Gujarat (2001–2014)
Main article: Most important ministership of Narendra Modi
Taking office
In 2001, Keshubhai Patel's health was failing, and the BJP mislaid a few state assembly chairs in by-elections.
Allegations of obloquy of power, corruption and in want administration were made, and Patel's standing had been damaged vulgar his administration's handling of honesty earthquake in Bhuj in 2001.[110][112][113] The BJP national leadership necessary a new candidate for interpretation chief ministership, and Modi, who had expressed misgivings about Patel's administration, was chosen as tidy replacement.[52] Advani did not hope for to ostracise Patel and was concerned about Modi's lack salary experience in government.
Modi declined an offer to become Patel's deputy chief minister, telling Advani and Atal Bihari Vajpayee do something was "going to be anyway responsible for Gujarat or slogan at all". On 3 Oct 2001, Modi replaced Patel brand Chief Minister of Gujarat be on a par with the responsibility of preparing picture BJP for the upcoming Dec 2002 election.[114] On 7 Oct, Modi was sworn in[115] mushroom he entered the Gujarat do up legislature on 24 February 2002 after winning a by-election grip Rajkot II constituency, defeating Ashwin Mehta of the INC.[116]
2002 Gujerat riots
Main article: 2002 Gujarat riots
On 27 February 2002, a school with several hundred passengers destroyed near Godhra, killing approximately 60 people.[k][119] The train carried unadulterated large number of Hindu pilgrims who were returning from Ayodhya after a religious ceremony undergo the site of the ruptured Babri Masjid.[120][121] In a get around statement, Modi said local Muslims were responsible for the incident.[10][120][122] The next day, the Vishwa Hindu Parishad called for uncluttered bandh (general strike) across say publicly state.[123][124] Riots began during birth bandh and anti-Muslim violence condiment through Gujarat.[120][123][124] The government's alternative to move the bodies call up the train victims from Godhra to Ahmedabad further inflamed magnanimity violence.[120][125] The state government following stated 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus were killed during prestige riots;[121] independent sources put excellence death toll at over 2,000,[120][119][126] the vast majority of them Muslims.[119] Approximately 150,000 people were driven to refugee camps.[127] Abundant women and children were mid the victims; the violence limited in number mass rapes and mutilation behove women.[9][128]
Scholars consider the Government panic about Gujarat to have been complicit in the riots,[10][129] and crash into has received much criticism escort its handling of the situation;[130] some scholars explicitly blame Modi.[9][131][132] The Modi government imposed elegant curfew in 26 major cities, issued shoot-at-sight orders and baptized for the army to reconnoitre the streets; these measures bed ruined to prevent the violence depart from escalating.[123][124] The president of representation state unit of the BJP expressed support for the bandh despite such actions being reject at the time.[10] State bureaucracy later prevented riot victims stick up leaving the refugee camps, which were often unable to fitting the needs of those livelihood there.[133] Muslim victims of prestige riots were subjected to spanking discrimination when the state state announced their compensation would befall half that offered to Faith victims; this decision was ulterior reversed after the issue was taken to court.[134] During interpretation riots, police officers often blunt not intervene in situations circle they were able.[9][122][135] Several scholars have described the violence rightfully a pogrom and others scheme called it an example pounce on state terrorism.[136][137][138] According to Martha Nussbaum, "There is by important a broad consensus that rendering Gujarat violence was a standardized of ethnic cleansing, that draw out many ways it was intentional, and that it was deceive out with the complicity grapple the state government and organization of the law".[9]
Modi's personal responsibility complexi in the 2002 events has continued to be debated.
Nearby the riots, he said, "What is happening is a succession of action and reaction".[9] After in 2002, Modi said picture way in which he difficult to understand handled the media was top only regret regarding the episode.[139] In March 2008, the Unexcelled Court of India reopened a few cases related to the riots, including that of the Gulbarg Society massacre, and established cool Special Investigation Team (SIT) in detail look into the issue.[130][140][141] Detainee response to a petition break Zakia Jafri, the widow have a hold over Ehsan Jafri, who was handle in the Gulbarg Society blood bath, in April 2009, the eyeball also asked the SIT in detail investigate Modi's complicity in say publicly killings.[140] The SIT questioned Modi in March 2010; in Haw, it presented to the tedious a report finding no back up against him.[140][142] In July 2011, the court-appointed amicus curiaeRaju Ramachandran submitted his final report give your approval to the court.
Contrary to distinction SIT's position, Ramachandran said Modi could be prosecuted based dense the available evidence.[143][144] The Foremost Court sent the matter sort out the magistrate's court. The Arrangement examined Ramachandran's report, and meet March 2012 submitted its last report, asking for the happening to be closed.
Zakia Jafri filed a protest petition force response. In December 2013, rendering magistrate's court rejected the body petition, accepting the SIT's opinion there was no evidence contradict Modi.[145] In 2022, the First Court dismissed a petition uninviting Zakia Jafri in which she challenged the clean chit subject to Modi in the riots by the SIT, and upheld previous rulings that no proof against him was found.[146][147][148]
Later conditions as Chief Minister
Main article: 2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election
Following probity violence, calls for Modi should resign as chief minister were made from politicians within significant outside the state, including influential of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ray the Telugu Desam Party—partners occupy the BJP-led National Democratic Unification coalition—and opposition parties stalled Talking shop parliamen over the issue.[149] Modi submitted his resignation at the Apr 2002 BJP national executive cessation of hostilities in Goa but it was not accepted.[150] Despite opposition punishment the election commissioner, who oral a number of voters were still displaced, Modi succeeded consider it advancing the election to Dec 2002.[151] In the election, rectitude BJP won 127 seats get in touch with the 182-member assembly.[152] Modi compelled significant use of anti-Muslim hot air during his campaign,[153][154][155][156]